Ethernet type packet data unit session communications

ABSTRACT

Systems, apparatuses, and methods are described for wireless communications. A policy control function may determine a policy and charging control rule comprising one or more Ethernet source MAC addresses and a quality of service policy. The policy control function may send the policy and charging control rule to a session management function to provide an Ethernet PDU session for a wireless device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/155,378, filed on Oct. 9, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/569,910, titled “UE Provided EthernetAddresses for Ethernet Type PDU Session” and filed Oct. 9, 2017; U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/569,927, titled “UE Provided EthernetAddresses for Ethernet Type PDU Session without PCF” and filed Oct. 9,2017; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/569,935, titled “DataNetwork Provided Ethernet Addresses for Ethernet Type PDU Session” andfiled Oct. 9, 2017; the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

A wireless communications system may not be able to provide an Ethernetover wireless communications for a wireless device due to insufficientinformation known by the system about the wireless device. For example,some network devices may not have wireless device specific informationthat may be necessary to serve Ethernet over wireless communications fora wireless device. As a result, difficulties may arise for a wirelessdevice to obtain desired services using Ethernet over wirelesscommunications.

SUMMARY

The following summary presents a simplified summary of certain features.The summary is not an extensive overview and is not intended to identifykey or critical elements.

Systems, apparatuses, and methods are described for Ethernet packet dataunit (PDU) session communications. A data network may provide one ormore addresses to a session management function for an Ethernet PDUsession. A wireless device may provide one or more Ethernet packetfilter sets to the session management function to request an EthernetPDU session. The session management function may provide to a user planefunction one or more messages comprising the one or more Ethernet packetfilter sets, the one or more addresses, and/or at least one policy rule.The user plane function may apply the at least one policy rule to a dataflow to provide the requested Ethernet PDU session for the wirelessdevice.

These and other features and advantages are described in greater detailbelow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some features are shown by way of example, and not by limitation, in theaccompanying drawings. In the drawings, like numerals reference similarelements.

FIG. 1 shows an example 5G system architecture.

FIG. 2 shows an example 5G system architecture.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless device and a network node.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show example elements of computing devices that may beused to implement any of the various devices described herein.

FIG. 5 shows examples of registration management state models for awireless device and an access and mobility management function (AMF).

FIG. 6 shows examples of connection management state models for awireless device and an AMF.

FIG. 7 shows an example for classifying and marking traffic.

FIGS. 8A-B shows examples of registration procedures.

FIG. 9 shows an example of an Ethernet packet and frame structure.

FIG. 10 shows an example of a PDU session establishment.

FIG. 11 shows an example of a user plane protocol stack.

FIG. 12 shows an example of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)data PDU.

FIG. 13 shows an example of a PDCP control PDU.

FIG. 14 shows an example layer 2 data flow.

FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, and 15D show examples of registration procedures.

FIGS. 16A and 16B show examples of PDU session creation procedures.

FIGS. 17A and 17B show examples of PDU session modification procedures.

FIGS. 18A and 18B show examples of PDU session release procedures.

FIGS. 19A and 19B show examples of PDU session establishment procedures.

FIGS. 20A and 20B show examples of service request procedures.

FIG. 21 shows an example of an Ethernet over wireless communicationsprocedure that may be performed by a computing device.

FIG. 22 shows an example of procedures involving a network exposurefunction.

FIG. 23 shows an example of procedures involving a session managementfunction.

FIG. 24 shows an example of procedures involving an applicationfunction.

FIG. 25 shows an example of procedures involving a unified datamanagement.

FIG. 26 shows an example of an Ethernet over wireless communicationsprocedure that may be performed by a computing device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, show examples ofthe disclosure. It is to be understood that the examples shown in thedrawings and/or discussed herein are non-exclusive and that there areother examples of how the disclosure may be practiced.

Examples of enhanced features and functionalities in networks, such as5G networks, or other systems are provided. The technology disclosedherein may be employed in the technical field of networks, such as 5Gsystems, and Ethernet type PDU sessions for communication systems. Moreparticularly, the technology disclosed herein may relate to for EthernetPDU type sessions in communication systems such as 5GC, 5G, or othersystems. The communication systems may comprise any number and/or typeof devices, such as, for example, computing devices, wireless devices,mobile devices, handsets, tablets, laptops, internet of things (IoT)devices, hotspots, cellular repeaters, computing devices, and/or, moregenerally, user equipment (e.g., UE). Although one or more of the abovetypes of devices may be referenced herein (e.g., UE, wireless device,computing device, etc.), it should be understood that any device hereinmay comprise any one or more of the above types of devices or similardevices.

The following acronyms are used throughout the present disclosure,provided below for convenience although other acronyms may be introducedin the detailed description.

5G 5th generation mobile networks 5GC 5G Core Network 5GS 5G System 5QI5G QoS Indicator AF Application Function AMF Access and MobilityManagement Function AN Access Network ARP Allocation and RetentionPriority AUSF Authentication Server Function CN Core Network DL DownlinkDN Data Network DN-AAA Data Network Authentication Authorization andAccounting DNN Data Network Name eNB Evolved Node B ESP EncapsulatingSecurity Protocol gNB Next Generation Node B or NR Node B IETF InternetEngineering Task Force IP Internet Protocol L2 Layer 2 (data link layer)L3 Layer 3 (network layer) LADN Local Area Data Network LI LawfulIntercept MICO Mobile Initiated Connection Only N3IWF Non-3GPPInterWorking Function NAS Non Access Stratum NEF Network ExposureFunction NF Network Function NG-RAN NR Radio Access Network NR New RadioNRF Network Repository Function NSSAI Network Slice Selection AssistanceInformation PCC Policy and Charging Control PCF Policy Control FunctionPDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDU Packet Data Unit PEI PermanentEquipment Identifier PLMN Public Land Mobile Network (R)AN (Radio)Access Network RAT Radio Access Technology RFC Request For Comments RLCRadio Link Control ROHC Robust Header Compression RRC Radio ResourceControl QFI QoS Flow Identity QoS Quality of Service RM RegistrationManagement SMF Session Management Function SN Sequence Number S-NSSAISingle Network Slice Selection Assistance information UDM Unified DataManagement UE User Equipment UE Uplink UPF User Plane Function VPLMNVisited Public Land Mobile Network

FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show examples 5G system architecture. A 5G accessnetwork may comprise an access network connecting to a 5GC. An accessnetwork may comprise an AN 105 (e.g., NG-RAN such as in FIG. 1 , or anyaccess node as in FIG. 2 ) and/or non-3GPP AN 165 which may be anuntrusted AN. An example 5GC may connect to one or more 5G accessnetworks (e.g., a 5G AN) and/or NG-RANs. The 5GC may comprise functionalelements or network functions as in example FIG. 1 and example FIG. 2 ,where interfaces may be employed for communication among the functionalelements and/or network elements. A network function may be a processingfunction in a network that has a functional behavior and interfaces. Anetwork function may be implemented as a network element on a dedicatedhardware, a base station, and/or as a software instance running on adedicated hardware, shared hardware, and/or as a virtualized functioninstantiated on an appropriate platform.

The access and mobility management function AMF 155 may comprise one ormore of the following functionalities: termination of (R)AN CP interface(N2), termination of NAS (N1), NAS ciphering and integrity protection,registration management, connection management, reachability management,mobility management, lawful intercept (for AMF events and interface toLI system), transport for session management, SM messages between awireless device 100 and an SMF 160, transparent proxy for routing SMmessages, access authentication, access authorization, transport forshort message service (SMS) messages between wireless device 100 and anSMS function (SMSF), security anchor function (SEA) interaction with theAUSF 150 and the wireless device 100, receiving an intermediate keyestablished as a result of the wireless device 100 authenticationprocess, security context management (SCM), and/or receiving a key fromthe SEA to derive access network specific keys. A variety of thesefunctionalities may be supported in a single instance of an AMF 155and/or in multiple instances of AMF 155 as appropriate.

The AMF 155 may support non-3GPP access networks via an N2 interfacewith N3IWF 170, NAS signaling with a wireless device 100 over N3IWF 170,authentication of wireless devices connected over N3IWF 170, managementof mobility, authentication, and separate security context state(s) of awireless device 100 connected via non-3GPP access 165 or connected via3GPP access 105 and non-3GPP accesses 165 simultaneously, support of acoordinated RM context valid over 3GPP access 105 and non-3GPP access165, and/or support of context management (CM) management contexts forthe wireless device 100 for connectivity over non-3GPP access. Somefunctionalities described above may be supported in an instance of anetwork slice. An AMF 155 region may comprise of one or multiple AMF 155sets. AMF 155 set may comprise of some AMFs 155 that serve a given areaand/or network slice(s). Multiple AMF 155 sets may be per AMF 155 regionand/or network slice(s). Application identifiers may be mapped to one ormore specific application traffic detection rules. A configured NSSAImay be a NSSAI that has been provisioned in a wireless device 100. DN115 access identifier (DNAI), for a DNN, may be an identifier of a userplane access to a DN 115. Initial registration may be related to awireless device 100 registration in a RM-DEREGISTERED state. N2APwireless device 100 association may be a logical per wireless device 100association between a 5G AN node and an AMF 155. Wireless device 100 maycomprise a N2AP wireless device-TNLA-binding, which may be a bindingbetween a N2AP wireless device 100 association and a specific transportnetwork layer (TNL) association for a given wireless device 100.

The session management function (SMF) 160 may comprise one or more ofthe following functionalities: session management (e.g., sessionestablishment, modify and release, comprising tunnel maintain betweenUPF 110 and AN 105 node), wireless device IP address allocation &management (comprising optional authorization), selection and control ofuser plane function(s), configuration of traffic steering at UPF 110 toroute traffic to its proper destination, termination of interfacestowards policy control functions, control part of policy enforcement andQoS, lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system),termination of SM parts of NAS messages, downlink data notification,initiation of AN specific SM information, sent via AMF 155 over N2 to(R)AN 105, determination of SSC mode of a session, roamingfunctionality, handling local enforcement to apply QoS SLAs (VPLMN),charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN), lawfulintercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system), and/orsupport for interaction with external DN 115 for transport of signalingfor PDU session authorization/authentication by external DN 115. One ormore of these functionalities may be supported in a single instance of aSMF 160. One or more of the functionalities described above may besupported in an instance of a network slice.

The user plane function (UPF) 110 may comprise one or more of thefollowing functionalities: anchor point for Intra-/Inter-RAT mobility(if applicable), external PDU session point of interconnect to DN 115,packet routing & forwarding, packet inspection and user plane part ofpolicy rule enforcement, lawful intercept (UP collection), traffic usagereporting, uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a datanetwork, branching point to support multi-homed PDU session(s), QoShandling for user plane, uplink traffic verification (SDF to QoS flowmapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink,downlink packet buffering, and/or downlink data notification triggering.One or more of these functionalities may be supported in a singleinstance of a UPF 110. One or more of functionalities described abovemay be supported in an instance of a network slice. User planefunction(s) (UPF(s) 110) may handle the user plane path of PDU sessions.A UPF 110 that provides the interface to a data network supports thefunctionality of a PDU session anchor.

IP address management may comprise allocation and release of thewireless device IP address as well as renewal of the allocated IPaddress. The wireless device 100 sets the requested PDU type during thePDU session establishment procedure based on its IP stack capabilitiesand configuration. The SMF 160 may select PDU type of a PDU session asfollows: if the SMF 160 receives a request with PDU type set to IP, theSMF 160 may select either PDU type IPv4 or IPv6 based on DNNconfiguration and/or operator policies. The SMF 160 may also provide acause value to the wireless device 100 to indicate whether the other IPversion (e.g. IPv6 if IPv4 is selected and vice versa) may be supportedon the DNN. If the other IP versions are supported, wireless device 100may request another PDU session to the same DNN for the other IPversion. If the SMF 160 receives a request for PDU type IPv4 or IPv6 andthe requested IP version may be supported by the DNN, the SMF 160selects the requested PDU type. The 5GC elements and wireless device 100support the following mechanisms: during PDU session establishmentprocedure, the SMF 160 may send the IP address to the wireless device100 via SM NAS signaling. The IPv4 address allocation and/or IPv4parameter configuration via DHCPv4 may also be used if the PDU sessionmay be established. IPv6 prefix allocation may be supported via IPv6stateless auto configuration, if IPv6 may be supported. IPv6 parameterconfiguration via stateless DHCPv6 may also be supported. The 5GC maysupport the allocation of a static IPv4 address and/or a static IPv6prefix based on subscription information in the UDM 140 or based on theconfiguration on a per-subscriber, per-DNN basis.

The policy control function PCF 135 may support unified policy frameworkto govern network behavior, provide policy rules to control planefunction(s) to enforce them, and/or implement a front end to accesssubscription information relevant for policy decisions in a user datarepository (UDR). The unified data management UDM 140 may comprise anapplication front end (FE) that comprises the UDM-FE that may be incharge of processing credentials, location management, and/orsubscription management. The PCF 135 may be in charge of policy controland the user data repository (UDR) that stores data required forfunctionalities provided by UDM-FE, plus policy profiles required by thePCF 135. The data stored in the UDR may comprise at least usersubscription data, comprising at least subscription identifiers,security credentials, access and mobility related subscription data,session related subscription data, and/or policy data.

The network exposure function NEF 125 may provide a means to securelyexpose the services and capabilities provided by the 3GPP networkfunctions, translate between information exchanged with the AF 145 andinformation exchanged with the internal network functions, and/orreceive information from other network functions.

The NF repository function NRF 130 may support a service discoveryfunction that receives NF discovery requests from a NF instance,provides the information of the discovered NF instances to the NFinstance, and/or maintains the information of available NF instances andtheir supported services.

The network slice selection function (NSSF) 120 may support selectingthe set of network slice instances serving the wireless device 100,determining the provided NSSAI, determining the AMF 155 set to beemployed to serve the wireless device 100, and/or, based onconfiguration, determining a list of candidate AMF(s) 155, possibly byquerying the NRF 130.

The functionality of non-3GPP interworking function N3IWF 170 fornon-3GPP access 165 may comprise at least one or more of the following:supporting of IPsec tunnel establishment with the wireless device,terminating the IKEv2/IPsec protocols with the wireless device 100 overNWu, relaying over N2 the information needed to authenticate thewireless device 100 and authorize its access to the 5GC, terminating ofN2 and N3 interfaces to 5GC for control-plane and user-planerespectively, relaying uplink and downlink control-plane NAS (N1)signaling between the wireless device 100 and AMF 155, handling of N2signaling from SMF 160 (which may be relayed by AMF 155) related to PDUsessions and QoS, establishing of IPsec security association (IPsec SA)to support PDU session traffic, relaying uplink and downlink user-planepackets between the wireless device 100 and UPF 110, enforcing QoScorresponding to N3 packet marking, considering QoS requirementsassociated to such marking received over N2, N3 user-plane packetmarking in the uplink, local mobility anchor within untrusted non-3GPPaccess networks 165 using MOBIKE, and/or supporting AMF 155 selection.

The application function AF 145 may interact with the 3GPP core networkto provide a variety of services. Based on operator deployment, AF 145may be trusted by the operator to interact directly with relevantnetwork functions. Application functions not provided by the operator toaccess directly the network functions may use the external exposureframework (via the NEF 125) to interact with relevant network functions.

The control plane interface between the (R)AN 105 and the 5GC maysupport connection of multiple different kinds of ANs, such as 3GPP(R)AN 105 and/or N3IWF 170, to the 5GC via a unique control planeprotocol. A single N2 AP protocol may be employed for both the 3GPPaccess 105 and non-3GPP access 165 and/or for decoupling between AMF 155and other functions such as SMF 160 that may need to control theservices supported by AN(s) (e.g. control of the UP resources in the AN105 for a PDU session). The 5GC may be able to provide policyinformation from the PCF 135 to the wireless device 100. Such policyinformation may comprise the following: access network discovery &selection policy, wireless device route selection policy (URSP) thatgroups to or more of SSC mode selection policy (SSCMSP), network sliceselection policy (NSSP), DNN selection policy, and/or non-seamlessoffload policy. The 5GC may support the connectivity of a wirelessdevice 100 via non-3GPP access networks 165. As shown in example FIG. 5, the registration management, RM may be employed to register orde-register a wireless device 100 with the network, and establish theuser context in the network. Connection management may be employed toestablish and release the signaling connection between the wirelessdevice 100 and the AMF 155.

A wireless device 100 may need to register with the network to receiveservices that require registration. The wireless device 100 may updateits registration with the network, e.g., periodically, after thewireless device is registered, to remain reachable (e.g. periodicregistration update), on mobility (e.g. mobility registration update),and/or to update its capabilities or re-negotiate protocol parameters.An initial registration procedure, such as in the examples shown in FIG.8A and FIG. 8B, may involve execution of network access controlfunctions (e.g. user authentication and access authorization based onsubscription profiles in UDM 140). As result of the registrationprocedure, the identity of the serving AMF 155 may be registered in UDM140. The registration management (RM) procedures may be applicable overboth 3GPP access 105 and non-3GPP access 165.

FIG. 3 shows hardware elements of a network node 320 (e.g., a basestation) and a wireless device 310. A communication network may includeat least one network node 320 and at least one wireless device 310. Thenetwork node 320 may include one or more communication interface 322,one or more processors 324, and one or more sets of program codeinstructions 328 stored in non-transitory memory 326 and executable bythe one or more processors 324. The wireless device 310 may include oneor more communication interface 312, one or more processors 314, and oneor more sets of program code instructions 318 stored in non-transitorymemory 316 and executable by the one or more processors 314. Acommunication interface 322 in the network node 320 may be configured toengage in communication with a communication interface 312 in thewireless device 310, such as via a communication path that includes atleast one wireless link. The wireless link may be a bi-directional link.The communication interface 312 in the wireless device 310 may also beconfigured to engage in communication with the communication interface322 in the network node 320. The network node 320 and the wirelessdevice 310 may be configured to send and receive data over the wirelesslink using multiple frequency carriers. Network nodes, base stations,wireless devices, and other communication devices may include structureand operations of transceiver(s). A transceiver is a device thatincludes both a transmitter and receiver. Transceivers may be employedin devices such as wireless devices, base stations, relay nodes, and/orthe like. Examples for radio technology implemented in the communicationinterfaces 312, 322 and the wireless link are shown in FIG. 3 , FIGS.4A, and 4B, and associated text. The communication network may compriseany number and/or type of devices, such as, for example, computingdevices, wireless devices, mobile devices, handsets, tablets, laptops,internet of things (IoT) devices, hotspots, cellular repeaters,computing devices, and/or, more generally, user equipment (e.g., UE).Although one or more of the above types of devices may be referencedherein (e.g., UE, wireless device, computing device, etc.), it should beunderstood that any device herein may comprise any one or more of theabove types of devices or similar devices. The communication network,and any other network referenced herein, may comprise an LTE network, a5G network, or any other network for wireless communications.Apparatuses, systems, and/or methods described herein may generally bedescribed as implemented on one or more devices (e.g., wireless device,base station, eNB, gNB, computing device, etc.), in one or morenetworks, but it will be understood that one or more features and stepsmay be implemented on any device and/or in any network. As usedthroughout, the term “base station” may comprise one or more of: a basestation, a node, a Node B, a gNB, an eNB, an ng-eNB, a relay node (e.g.,an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node), a donor node (e.g., adonor eNB, a donor gNB, etc.), an access point (e.g., a Wi-Fi accesspoint), a computing device, a device capable of wirelesslycommunicating, and/or any other device capable of sending and/orreceiving signals. As used throughout, the term “wireless device” maycomprise one or more of: a UE, a handset, a mobile device, a computingdevice, a node, a device capable of wirelessly communicating, and/or anyother device capable of sending and/or receiving signals. Any referenceto one or more of these terms/devices also considers use of any otherterm/device mentioned above.

The communications network may comprise Radio Access Network (RAN)architecture. The RAN architecture may comprise one or more RAN nodesthat may be a next generation Node B (gNB) (e.g., 320) providing NewRadio (NR) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards afirst wireless device (e.g. 310). A RAN node may be a next generationevolved Node B (ng-eNB), providing Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access(E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards asecond wireless device. The first wireless device may communicate with agNB over a Uu interface. The second wireless device may communicate witha ng-eNB over a Uu interface. The network node 320 may comprise one ormore of a gNB, ng-eNB, and/or the like.

A gNB or an ng-eNB may host functions such as: radio resource managementand scheduling, IP header compression, encryption and integrityprotection of data, selection of Access and Mobility Management Function(AMF) at User Equipment (UE) attachment, routing of user plane andcontrol plane data, connection setup and release, scheduling andtransmission of paging messages (originated from the AMF), schedulingand transmission of system broadcast information (originated from theAMF or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)), measurement and measurementreporting configuration, transport level packet marking in the uplink,session management, support of network slicing, Quality of Service (QoS)flow management and mapping to data radio bearers, support of wirelessdevices in RRC_INACTIVE state, distribution function for Non-AccessStratum (NAS) messages, RAN sharing, and dual connectivity or tightinterworking between NR and E-UTRA.

One or more gNBs and/or one or more ng-eNBs may be interconnected witheach other by means of Xn interface. A gNB or an ng-eNB may be connectedby means of NG interfaces to 5G Core Network (5GC). 5GC may comprise oneor more AMF/User Plane Function (UPF) functions. A gNB or an ng-eNB maybe connected to a UPF by means of an NG-User plane (NG-U) interface. TheNG-U interface may provide delivery (e.g., non-guaranteed delivery) ofuser plane Protocol Data Units (PDUs) between a RAN node and the UPF. AgNB or an ng-eNB may be connected to an AMF by means of an NG-Controlplane (e.g., NG-C) interface. The NG-C interface may provide functionssuch as NG interface management, UE context management, UE mobilitymanagement, transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management,configuration transfer or warning message transmission.

A UPF may host functions such as anchor point for intra-/inter-RadioAccess Technology (RAT) mobility (if applicable), external PDU sessionpoint of interconnect to data network, packet routing and forwarding,packet inspection and user plane part of policy rule enforcement,traffic usage reporting, uplink classifier to support routing trafficflows to a data network, branching point to support multi-homed PDUsession, QoS handling for user plane, for example, packet filtering,gating, Uplink (UL)/Downlink (DL) rate enforcement, uplink trafficverification (e.g. Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping),downlink packet buffering and/or downlink data notification triggering.

An AMF may host functions such as NAS signaling termination, NASsignaling security, Access Stratum (AS) security control, inter CoreNetwork (CN) node signaling for mobility between 3^(rd) GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) access networks, idle mode UE reachability(e.g., control and execution of paging retransmission), registrationarea management, support of intra-system and inter-system mobility,access authentication, access authorization including check of roamingrights, mobility management control (subscription and policies), supportof network slicing and/or Session Management Function (SMF) selection

An interface may be a hardware interface, a firmware interface, asoftware interface, and/or a combination thereof. The hardware interfacemay include connectors, wires, electronic devices such as drivers,amplifiers, and/or the like. A software interface may include codestored in a memory device to implement protocol(s), protocol layers,communication drivers, device drivers, combinations thereof, and/or thelike. A firmware interface may include a combination of embeddedhardware and code stored in and/or in communication with a memory deviceto implement connections, electronic device operations, protocol(s),protocol layers, communication drivers, device drivers, hardwareoperations, combinations thereof, and/or the like.

FIG. 4A shows general hardware elements that may be used to implementany of the various computing devices discussed herein, including anybase station, wireless device, or computing device. The computing device400 (e.g., wireless device) may include one or more processors 418,which may execute instructions stored memory, such as non-removablememory 430, removable memory 432 (such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB)drive, compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), or floppy diskdrive), or any other desired storage medium. Instructions may also bestored in an attached (or internal) hard drive. The computing device 400may also include a security processor (not shown), which may executeinstructions of a one or more computer programs to monitor the processesexecuting on the processor 418 and any process that requests access toany hardware and/or software components of the computing device 400(e.g., the non-removable memory 430, the removable memory 432, the harddrive, a device controller (e.g., a keypad 426, a display and/ortouchpad 428, a speaker and/or microphone 424, and/or one or moreperipherals 438), a transceiver 420, a network interface, a GPS 436(e.g., a GPS chipset), a Bluetooth interface, a Wi-Fi interface, etc.).The computing device 400 may include one or more output devices, such asthe display and/or touchpad 428 (e.g., a screen, a display device, amonitor, a television, etc.), and may include one or more output devicecontrollers, such as a video processor. There may also be one or moreuser input devices, such as a remote control, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, etc., that may be configured, for example, as one ormore of the peripherals 438. The computing device 400 may also includeone or more network interfaces, such as a network interface, the may bea wired interface, a wireless interface such as the transceiver 420, ora combination of the two. The network interface may provide an interfacefor the computing device 400 to communicate (e.g., via communications416) with a network (e.g., a RAN, or any other network). The networkinterface may include a modem (e.g., a cable modem), and the externalnetwork may include communication links, an external network, an in-homenetwork, a provider's wireless, coaxial, fiber, or hybrid fiber/coaxialdistribution system (e.g., a DOCSIS network), or any other desirednetwork. Additionally, the computing device 400 may include alocation-detecting device, such as a global positioning system (GPS)chipset or microprocessor 436, which may be configured to receive andprocess global positioning signals and determine, with possibleassistance from an external server and antenna (e.g., antenna 422), ageographic position of the computing device 400.

FIG. 4B shows general hardware elements that may be used to implementany of the various computing devices discussed herein, including, e.g.,the network node 320, the wireless device 310, or any other networknode, base station, wireless device, or computing device describedherein. The computing device 4000 may include one or more processors4001, which may execute instructions stored in the random access memory(RAM) 4003, the removable media 4004 (such as a Universal Serial Bus(USB) drive, compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), orfloppy disk drive), or any other desired storage medium. Instructionsmay also be stored in an attached (or internal) hard drive 4005. Thecomputing device 4000 may also include a security processor (not shown),which may execute instructions of one or more computer programs tomonitor the processes executing on the processor 4001 and any processthat requests access to any hardware and/or software components of thecomputing device 4000 (e.g., ROM 4002, RAM 4003, the removable media4004, the hard drive 4005, the device controller 4007, a networkinterface 4009, a GPS 4011, a Bluetooth interface 4012, a Wi-Fiinterface 4013, etc.). The computing device 4000 may include one or moreoutput devices, such as the display 4006 (e.g., a screen, a displaydevice, a monitor, a television, etc.), and may include one or moreoutput device controllers 4007, such as a video processor. There mayalso be one or more user input devices 4008, such as a remote control,keyboard, mouse, touch screen, microphone, etc. The computing device4000 may also include one or more network interfaces, such as a networkinterface 4009, which may be a wired interface, a wireless interface, ora combination of the two. The network interface 4009 may provide aninterface for the computing device 4000 to communicate with a network4010 (e.g., a RAN, or any other network). The network interface 4009 mayinclude a modem (e.g., a cable modem), and the external network 4010 mayinclude communication links, an external network, an in-home network, aprovider's wireless, coaxial, fiber, or hybrid fiber/coaxialdistribution system (e.g., a DOCSIS network), or any other desirednetwork. Additionally, the computing device 4000 may include alocation-detecting device, such as a global positioning system (GPS)microprocessor 4011, which may be configured to receive and processglobal positioning signals and determine, with possible assistance froman external server and antenna, a geographic position of the computingdevice 4000.

The examples in FIGS. 4A and 4B are hardware configurations, althoughthe components shown may be implemented as software as well. Forexample, modifications may be made to add, remove, combine, divide, etc.components of the computing device 4000 as desired. Additionally, thecomponents may be implemented using basic computing devices andcomponents, and the same components (e.g., processor 4001, ROM storage4002, display 4006, etc.) may be used to implement any of the othercomputing devices and components described herein. For example, thevarious components described herein may be implemented using computingdevices having components such as a processor executingcomputer-executable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium,as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. Some or all of the entities describedherein may be software based, and may co-exist in a common physicalplatform (e.g., a requesting entity may be a separate software processand program from a dependent entity, both of which may be executed assoftware on a common computing device).

Base stations, wireless devices, relay nodes, and other communicationdevices may comprise one or more transceivers. A transceiver may be adevice that comprises both a transmitter and receiver. The communicationnetwork may comprise any number and/or type of devices, such as, forexample, computing devices, wireless devices, mobile devices, handsets,tablets, laptops, internet of things (IoT) devices, hotspots, cellularrepeaters, computing devices, and/or, more generally, user equipment.Although one or more of the above types of devices may be referencedherein (e.g., user equipment, wireless device, computing device, etc.),it should be understood that any device herein may comprise any one ormore of the above types of devices or similar devices. The communicationnetwork, and any other network referenced herein, may comprise an LTEnetwork, a 5G network, or any other network for wireless communications.Apparatuses, systems, and/or methods described herein may generally bedescribed as implemented on one or more devices (e.g., a wirelessdevice, base station, eNB, gNB, computing device, etc.), in one or morenetworks, but it will be understood that one or more features and/orsteps may be implemented on any device and/or in any network. As usedthroughout, the term “base station” may comprise one or more of: a basestation, a node, a Node B, a gNB, an eNB, am ng-eNB, a relay node (e.g.,an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node), a donor node (e.g., adonor eNB, a donor gNB, etc.), an access point (e.g., a Wi-Fi accesspoint), a computing device, a device capable of wirelesslycommunicating, and/or any other device capable of sending and/orreceiving signals. As used throughout, the term “wireless device” maycomprise one or more of: a UE, a handset, a mobile device, a computingdevice, a node, a device capable of wirelessly communicating, or anyother device capable of sending and/or receiving signals. Any referenceto one or more of these terms/devices also considers use of any otherterm/device mentioned above.

FIG. 5 depicts examples of the RM states of a wireless device, such asthe wireless device 100, as observed by the wireless device 100 and AMF155. The top half of FIG. 5 shows RM state transition in the wirelessdevice. Two RM states may be used in a wireless device 100 (and possiblyin the AMF 155) that may reflect the registration status of the wirelessdevice 100 in the selected PLMN. The registration status of the wirelessdevice 100 in the selected PLMN may be RM-DEREGISTERED 500 orRM-REGISTERED 510. In the RM DEREGISTERED state 500, the wireless device100 may not be registered with a network. The wireless device 100context in AMF 155 may not hold valid location or routing informationfor the wireless device 100 so the wireless device 100 may be notreachable by the AMF 155. Some wireless device context may still bestored in the wireless device 100 and the AMF 155. In the RM REGISTEREDstate 510, the wireless device 100 may be registered with the network.In the RM-REGISTERED 510 state, the wireless device 100 may receiveservices that require registration with the network.

The bottom half of FIG. 5 shows RM state transitions in the AMF 155. TwoRM states may be used in the AMF 155 for the wireless device 100 thatreflect the registration status of the wireless device 100 in theselected PLMN. The two RM states that may be used in the AMF 155 for thewireless device 100 in the selected PLMN may be RM-DEREGISTERED 520 orRM-REGISTERED 530. The state of RM-DEREGISTERED 500 in the wirelessdevice 100 may correspond to the state of RM-DEREGISTERED 520 in the AMF155. The state of RM-REGISTERED 510 in the wireless device 100 maycorrespond to the state of RM-REGISTERED 530 in the AMF 155.

FIG. 6 depicts examples of CM state transitions as observed by thewireless device 100 and AMF 155. Connection management CM may comprisethe functions of establishing and releasing a signaling connectionbetween a wireless device 100 and the AMF 155 over N1. This signalingconnection may be used to provide NAS signaling exchange between thewireless device 100 and a core network. The signaling connection maycomprise both the AN signaling connection between the wireless device100 and/or the (R)AN 105 (e.g. RRC connection over 3GPP access) and theN2 connection for this wireless device 100 between the AN and the AMF155. The top half of FIG. 6 shows CM state transitions in the wirelessdevice 100. Two CM states may be used for the NAS signaling connectivityof the wireless device 100 with the AMF 155: CM-IDLE 600 andCM-CONNECTED 610. A wireless device 100 in CM-IDLE 600 state may be inRM-REGISTERED 510 state that may have no NAS signaling connectionestablished with the AMF 155 over N1. The wireless device 100 mayperform cell selection, cell reselection, and PLMN selection. A wirelessdevice 100 in CM-CONNECTED 610 state may have a NAS signaling connectionwith the AMF 155 over N1. RRC inactive state may apply to NG-RAN (e.g.,it applies to NR and E-UTRA connected to 5G CN). The AMF 155 may provide(e.g., based on network configuration) assistance information to the NG(R)AN 105, for example, to assist the NG (R)AN's 105 decision as towhether the wireless device 100 may be sent to RRC inactive state. If awireless device 100 may be CM-CONNECTED 610 with RRC inactive state, thewireless device 100 may resume the RRC connection (e.g., due to uplinkdata pending), may execute a mobile initiated signaling procedure (e.g.,as a response to (R)AN 105 paging), and/or notify the network that ithas left the (R)AN 105 notification area. NAS signaling connectionmanagement may comprise the functions of establishing and releasing aNAS signaling connection. NAS signaling connection establishmentfunction may be provided by the wireless device 100 and the AMF 155 toestablish a NAS signaling connection for a wireless device 100 inCM-IDLE 600 state. The procedure of releasing a NAS signaling connectionmay be initiated by the 5G (R)AN 105 node or the AMF 155.

The bottom half of FIG. 6 shows CM state transitions in the AMF 155. TwoCM states may be used for a wireless device 100 at the AMF 155: CM-IDLE620 and CM-CONNECTED 630. The state of CM-IDLE 600 in the wirelessdevice 100 may correspond to the state of CM-IDLE 620 in the AMF 155.The state of CM-CONNECTED 610 in the wireless device 100 may correspondto the state of CM-CONNECTED 630 in the AMF 155. Reachability managementof the wireless device 100 may detect whether a wireless device 100 maybe reachable and/or provide the wireless device location (e.g., theaccess node in communication with the wireless device) for the networkto reach the wireless device 100. This may be done by paging wirelessdevice 100 and wireless device location tracking. The wireless devicelocation tracking may comprise both wireless device registration areatracking and wireless device reachability tracking. Such functionalitiesmay be either located at a 5GC (e.g., for a CM-IDLE 620 state) or anNG-RAN 105 (e.g., for a CM-CONNECTED 630 state).

The wireless device 100 and the AMF 155 may negotiate wireless device100 reachability characteristics in CM-IDLE 600 and/or 620 states duringregistration and registration update procedures. A variety of wirelessdevice reachability categories may be negotiated between a wirelessdevice 100 and an AMF 155 for CM-IDLE 600 and/or 620 states, such aswireless device 100 reachability providing mobile device terminateddata. The wireless device 100 may be CM-IDLE 600 mode and mobileinitiated connection only (MICO) mode. The 5GC may support a PDUconnectivity service that provides exchange of PDUs between a wirelessdevice 100 and a data network identified by a DNN. The PDU connectivityservice may be supported via PDU sessions that may be established, forexample, after request from the wireless device 100.

A PDU session may support one or more PDU session types. PDU sessionsmay be established (e.g. after wireless device 100 request), modified(e.g. after wireless device 100 and 5GC request) and released (e.g.,after wireless device 100 and 5GC request) using NAS SM signalingexchanged over N1 between the wireless device 100 and the SMF 160. The5GC may be able to trigger a specific application in the wireless device100 (e.g., after a request from an application server). If receivingthat trigger message, the wireless device 100 may pass it to theidentified application in the wireless device 100. The identifiedapplication in the wireless device 100 may establish a PDU session to aspecific DNN.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a QoS flow based framework. A QoS model(e.g., a 5G QoS model) may support the QoS flow based framework. The QoSmodel may support both QoS flows that require a guaranteed flow bit rateand QoS flows that may not require a guaranteed flow bit rate. The QoSmodel may also support reflective QoS. The QoS model may comprise flowmapping or packet marking at the CN_UP 720, AN 710, and/or wirelessdevice 700. Packets may arrive from and/or destined to theapplication/service layer 730 of wireless device 700, CN_UP 720, and/oran AF (e.g., the AF 145). QoS flow may be granular of QoSdifferentiation in a PDU session. A QoS Flow IDQFI may be used toidentify a QoS flow in a 5G system. User plane traffic with the same QFIwithin a PDU session may receive the same traffic forwarding treatment.The QFI may be carried in an encapsulation header on N3 (and N9), forexample, without any changes to an end-to-end packet header. The QFI maybe used with PDUs having different types of payload. The QFI may beunique within a PDU session.

The QoS parameters of a QoS flow may be provided to the (R)AN as a QoSprofile over N2 at a PDU session or at a QoS flow establishment, and anNG-RAN may be used, for example, if the user plane may be activated. Adefault QoS rule may be utilized for every PDU session. An SMF (e.g.,SMF 160) may allocate the QFI for a QoS flow and may derive its QoSparameters from the information provided by the PCF. The SMF 160 mayprovide the QFI together with the QoS profile containing the QoSparameters of a QoS flow to the (R)AN 710. QoS flow may be granular forQoS forwarding treatment in a system (e.g., a 5GS). Traffic mapped tothe same QoS flow may receive the same forwarding treatment (e.g.,scheduling policy, queue management policy, rate shaping policy, RLCconfiguration, and/or the like). Providing different QoS forwardingtreatment may require separate QoS flow. A QoS indicator may be used asa reference to a specific QoS forwarding behavior (e.g., packet lossrate, and/or packet delay budget) to be provided to a QoS flow. This QoSindicator may be implemented in the access network by the 5QIreferencing node specific parameters that control the QoS forwardingtreatment (e.g., scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queuemanagement thresholds, link layer protocol configuration, and/or thelike).

One or more devices (e.g., a 5GC) may support edge computing and mayprovide operators and/or third party services to be hosted close to thewireless device access point of attachment. The one or more devices(e.g., a 5GC) may select a UPF 110 close to the wireless device 100 andmay execute the traffic steering from the UPF 110 to the LADN via a N6interface. This selecting a UPF 110 close to the wireless device may bebased on the wireless device subscription data, wireless devicelocation, the information from application function AF 145, policy,and/or other related traffic rules. The one or more devices (e.g., a5GC) may expose network information and capabilities to an edgecomputing application function. The functionality support for edgecomputing may comprise local routing where the one or more devices(e.g., a 5GC) may select UPF 110 to route the user traffic to the LADN,traffic steering where the one or more devices (e.g., a 5GC) selects thetraffic to be routed to the applications in the LADN, session andservice continuity to provide wireless device 100 and applicationmobility, user plane selection and reselection (e.g., based on inputfrom application function), network capability exposure where the one ormore devices (e.g., a 5GC) and application function may provideinformation to each other via NEF, QoS and charging where PCF mayprovide rules for QoS control and charging for the traffic routed to theLADN, and/or support of local area data network where the one or moredevices (e.g., a 5GC) may provide support to connect to the LADN in acertain area where the applications are deployed.

An example system (e.g., a 5GS) may be a 3GPP system comprising of 5Gaccess network 105, 5GC and a wireless device 100, and/or the like.Provided NSSAI may be an NSSAI provided by a serving PLMN, for example,during a registration procedure, indicating the NSSAI provided by thenetwork for the wireless device 100 in the serving PLMN for the currentregistration area. A periodic registration update may be wireless device100 re-registration at expiry of a periodic registration timer. Arequested NSSAI may be a NSSAI that the wireless device 100 may provideto the network. A service-based interface may represent how a set ofservices may be provided/exposed by a given NF.

A PDU connectivity service may provide exchange of PDUs between awireless device 100 and a data network. PDU session may be anassociation between a wireless device 100 and a data network, DN thatprovides a PDU connectivity service. The type of association may be IP,Ethernet, or unstructured. Service continuity may comprise anuninterrupted user experience of a service, for example, if the IPaddress and/or anchoring point change. Session continuity may comprisethe continuity of a PDU session. For a PDU session of an IP typesession, continuity may indicate that the IP address may be preservedfor the lifetime of the PDU session. An uplink classifier may be a UPFfunctionality that aims at diverting uplink traffic, for example, basedon filter rules provided by SMF, towards a data network.

The system architecture may support data connectivity and servicesenabling deployments to use techniques such as, but not limited to,network function virtualization and/or software defined networking. Thesystem architecture may leverage service-based interactions betweencontrol plane (CP) network functions where identified. In systemarchitecture, separation of the user plane (UP) functions from thecontrol plane functions may be considered. A system may provide anetwork function to interact with other NF(s) directly if required. Asystem may reduce dependencies between the access network (AN) and thecore network (CN). The architecture may comprise a convergedaccess-agnostic core network with a common AN-CN interface thatintegrates different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. A systemfurthermore may support a unified authentication framework, statelessNFs (e.g., where the compute resource may be decoupled from the storageresource), capability exposure, and/or concurrent access to local andcentralized services. UP functions may be deployed close to the accessnetwork, for example, to support low latency services and access toLADNs.

A system may support roaming with both home routed traffic as well aslocal breakout traffic in the visited PLMN. An example architecture maybe service-based and the interaction between network functions may berepresented in a variety of ways. FIG. 1 shows an example service-basedrepresentation, where network functions within the control plane mayprovide other authorized network functions to access their services.This service-based representation shown in FIG. 1 may also comprisepoint-to-point reference points where necessary. FIG. 2 shows an examplereference point representation, showing the interaction between the NFservices in the network functions described by point-to-point referencepoint (e.g., N11) between any two network functions.

Establishment of user plane connectivity to a data network via a networkslice instance(s) may comprise performing an RM procedure, for example,to select an AMF 155 that supports the required network slices, andestablishing one or more PDU session(s) to the required data network viathe network slice instance(s). The set of network slices for a wirelessdevice 100 may be changed, for example, if the wireless device 100 maybe registered with a network. The set of network slices for the wirelessdevice 100 may be initiated by the network or the wireless device 100.

Ethernet over wireless communications may provide advantages to wirelesscommunications and a user. For example, wireless communications servicesmay be enhanced, and/or additional services may be made available, byusing Ethernet over wireless communications. Additional data and/ordifferent types of data may be accommodated using Ethernet over wirelesscommunications. User specific services and/or device specific servicesmay be provided by using Ethernet over wireless communications.Different priority, rates, and/or pricing may be implemented forservices and/or applications by using Ethernet over wirelesscommunications. Ethernet over wireless communications may compriseEthernet over any wireless system, including but not limited to Ethernetover 5G or Ethernet over any legacy or future wireless communicationsystem.

A packet data unit (PDU) session may be supported. The PDU session maybe supported, for example in 5G, using one or more protocols such asIPv4, IPv6, or Ethernet, or the PDU session may be unstructured (e.g., anon-IP PDU). Ethernet may comprise a variety of networking technologies,such as those that may be used in local area networks (LANs),metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WAN), or othernetworks. A data packet on an Ethernet link may be referred to as anEthernet packet. An Ethernet packet may transport an Ethernet frame asits payload. With Ethernet over wireless communications, an Ethernetpacket may be transferred over a wireless communication system (e.g., a5G system).

Ethernet over wireless communications, such as Ethernet over 5G, mayrequire information from outside of certain network devices (e.g.,outside of a 5GC). For example, in some systems (e.g., in 5G) a controlplane may not allocate medium access control (MAC) addresses and/orEthertype to a wireless device for Ethernet over wirelesscommunications. Certain network devices may not have source MACaddresses, destination MAC addresses, Ethertype, and/or other userspecific and/or device specific information that may be necessary toserve Ethernet over wireless communications for a wireless device. Apolicy control device may require such information in order to providepolicy information for servicing the wireless device using Ethernet overwireless communications. A session management device may require suchuser specific and/or device specific information to provide requestedservices for the wireless device and/or to implement any requiredpolicies for such services. A user plane function may require suchinformation to detect Ethernet packet and/or to enforce policies.Additionally or alternatively, other devices in a network may requireuser specific and/or device specific information to provide Ethernetover wireless communications or the wireless device. A wireless devicemay provide, for example, an Ethernet packet filter that may compriseinformation necessary to serve an Ethernet over wireless communicationsfor the wireless device. Additionally or alternatively, a data networkoutside of a core network (e.g., outside of a 5GC) may provide forexample, an Ethernet packet filter that may comprise informationnecessary to serve an Ethernet over wireless communications for thewireless device.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show connection, registration, and mobility managementprocedures. These procedures are described, for example, in “5G;Procedures for the 5G System,” ETSI TS 123 502 version 15.2.0, also 3GPPTS 23.502 version 15.2.0 Release 15, dated June 2018 and published bythe European Telecommunications Standards Institute.

At step 801 (in FIG. 8A), a wireless device (e.g., wireless device 100)may send a message comprising a registration request to a (R)AN (e.g.,(R)AN 105). At step 802, the (R)AN 105 may perform an AMF selection. Atstep 803, the (R)AN 105 may send a message comprising the registrationrequest to a new AMF (e.g., New AMF 155-1). At step 804, the New AMF155-1 may send, to an old AMF (e.g., Old AMF 155-2), a messagecomprising an indication of a context transfer (e.g.,Namf_Communication_UEContextTransfer). At step 805, the Old AMF 155-2may send, to the Old AMF 155-1, a response message comprising a contexttransfer response (e.g., Namf_Communication_UEContextTransfer response).At step 806, the New AMF 155-1 may send, to the wireless device 100, amessage comprising an identity request. At step 807, the wireless device100 may send, to the New AMF 155-1, a message comprising an identityresponse. At step 908, the New AMF 155-1 may perform an AUSF selection.At step 809, authentication and/or security procedures may be performedbetween the wireless device 100 and the New AMF 155-1, between the NewAMF 155-1 and an AUSF (e.g., AUSF 150), and/or between the AUSF 150 anda UDM (e.g., UDM 140). At step 810, the New AMF 155-1 may send, to theOld AMF 155-2, a message comprising a registration completionnotification (e.g., Namf_Communication_RegistrationCompleteNotify). Atstep 811, messages comprising identity requests and/or responses may becommunicated between the wireless device 100 and the New AMF 155-1. Atstep 812, the New AMF 155-1 may send to an EIR, and/or the EIR may sendto the AMF 155-1, one or more messages associated with an identity check(e.g., N5g-eir_MEIdentityCheck_Get).

At step 813 (in FIG. 8B), the New AMF 155-1 may perform a UDM selection.At step 814 a, the New AMF 155-1 may send, to the UDM 140, a messagecomprising a context management registration (e.g.,Nudm_UEContextManagement_Registration). The UDM 140 may send, to the NewAMF 155-1, a message comprising a response to the context managementregistration. At step 814 b, the UDM 140 may send, to the New AMF 155-1,a message comprising a notification for a subscription data update(e.g., Nudm_SubscriptionDate_UpdateNotify). At step 814 c, the UDM 140may send, to the Old AMF 155-2, a message comprising a notification of acontext management removal (e.g.,Nudm_UEContextManagement_RemoveNotify). At step 815, the New AMF 155-1may perform a PCF selection. At step 816, the New AMF 155-1 may send, toa PCF (e.g., PCF 135), a message comprising policy control or policycreation (e.g., Npcf_PolicyControl_PolicyCreate). The PCF 135 may send aresponse to the New AMF 155-1. At step 817, the New AMF 155-1 may send,to an SMF (e.g., SMF 160), a message comprising an event exposurenotification (e.g., Namf_EventExposure_Notify(UE Reachability state withPDU status)). At step 818, the New AMF 155-1 may send, to a N31WF, amessage comprising an N2 request. At step 819, the N31WF may send, tothe New AMF 155-1, a message comprising an N2 response. At step 820, theOld AMF 155-2 may send, to the PCF 135, a message comprising a policycontrol and/or policy deletion (e.g., Ncpf_PolicyControl_PolicyDelete).The PCF 135 may send a response to the Old AMF 155-2. At step 821, theNew AMF 155-1 may send, to the wireless device 100, a message comprisinga registration acceptance (e.g., Registration Accept). At step 822, thewireless device 100 may send, to the New AMF 155-1, a message comprisinga registration completion (e.g., Registration Complete). Steps indicatedby dashed lines (e.g., steps 806-813, 815-820, and 821) may be optional.

FIG. 9 shows an example of an Ethernet packet and frame structure. AnEthernet packet and frame structure may correspond with the Ethernetpacket and frame structure for IEEE 802.3. An Ethernet frame may bepreceded by a preamble (e.g., 7 octets) and a start frame delimiter(SFD) (e.g., 1 octet), both of which may be part of an Ethernet packetat a physical layer. The Ethernet frame may start with an Ethernetheader, which may comprise destination and/or source MAC addresses asits first two fields (e.g., 6 octets of MAC destination and 6 octets ofMAC source). An optional 802.1Q tag (e.g., 4 octets) may follow the MACaddresses. Next, may be an Ethertype (e.g., in Ethernet II) or length(e.g., in IEEE 802.3) (e.g., 2 octets). Thereafter, a middle section ofthe frame may comprise payload data (e.g., 46-1500 octets), which mayinclude, for example, any headers for other protocols (e.g., InternetProtocol) that may be carried in the frame. The frame may end with aframe check sequence (FCS) (e.g., 4 octets), which may comprise a 32-bitcyclic redundancy check that may be used to detect any in-transitcorruption of data. An inter-packet gap (IPG) (e.g., 12 octets) may beprovided at the end of the Ethernet packet. A layer 2 Ethernet frame maycomprise 64 to 1522 octets after the preamble and the SFD. A layer 1Ethernet packet may comprise 64 to 1522 octets including the preambleand the SFD, followed by an IPG of 12 octets.

A session management function (SMF) and/or a user plane function (UPF)may provide a PDU session anchor, for example, for a PDU session set upwith an Ethernet PDU session type. The SMF and the UPF may supportspecific behaviors associated with a PDU session that may carry Ethernetframes. A MAC and/or an IP address may not be allocated, for example bya 5GC to a wireless device, for a PDU session. The UPF may store MACaddresses, for example, that may be received from a wireless device, andassociate the MAC addresses with an appropriate PDU session.

A wireless device may operate in a bridge mode for connecting a LAN to a5GS. Different MAC addresses may be used as source address of differentframes that may be sent via an uplink over a single PDU session.Different destination MAC address of different frames that may be sentvia a downlink, for example over the same PDU session as the uplink, maybe used. Entities on the LAN that may be connected to a system (e.g., a5GS) by the wireless device may be allocated an IP address by a datanetwork. The data network may not be specified by 3GPP 5Gspecifications. A wireless device that may be connected to the system(e.g., a 5GS) may be the only wireless device that may be authenticated.For example, devices behind a wireless device that may be connected tothe system (e.g., a 5GS) may not be authenticated.

Different Frames exchanged via a PDU session, such as an Ethernet typePDU session, may be served with different quality of service (QoS) overthe system (e.g., a 5GS). An SMF may provide, to a UPF, traffic filtersbased on the Ethernet frame structure. A packet filter set may supportpacket filtering (e.g., for an Ethernet PDU session type) based on oneor more of: source MAC address and/or destination MAC address; Ethertype(e.g., such as set forth by IEEE 802.3); customer-virtual Local AreaNetwork (VLAN) tag (C-TAG) and/or service-VLAN tag (S-TAG) VLANidentifier (VID) fields (e.g., such as set forth in IEEE 802.1Q); C-TAGand/or S-TAG priority code point (PCP) and/or drop eligibility indicator(DEI) fields (e.g., such as set forth in IEEE 802.1Q); and/or IP packetfilter set. Additionally or alternatively, for example for Ethertypeindicates IPv4/IPv6 payload, the packet filter set may support packetfiltering comprising one or more of: a source and/or destination IPaddress and/or a IPv6 prefix, a source and/or destination port number, aprotocol ID of a protocol above IP and/or a next header type, a type ofservice (TOS) (e.g., for IPv4), a traffic class (e.g., for IPv6), amask, a flow label (e.g., for IPv6), and/or a security parameter index.

FIG. 10 shows an example of a PDU session establishment. The PDU sessionestablishment may originate with a wireless device (e.g., wirelessdevice 100) requesting a PDU session establishment. At step 1001, thewireless device 100 may send, to the AMF 155, a NAS message. The NASmessage may comprise one or more of: S-NSSAI, DNN, PDU Session ID,request type, and/or an N1 SM container (e.g., comprising a PDU sessionestablishment request). The wireless device 100 may initiate the PDUsession establishment procedure, for example, by the transmission of aNAS message containing a PDU session establishment request within the N1SM container. The PDU session establishment request may include, forexample, one or more of: a PDU type (e.g., Ethernet), an SSC mode, aprotocol configuration option, and/or a PDU session ID (e.g., that maybe generated by the wireless device 100).

At step 1002, the AMF 155 may select an SMF (e.g., SMF 160) and send, tothe selected SMF (e.g., SMF 160), a message. The message may comprise aPDU session create request (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMRequest). ThePDU session create request may comprise one or more of: SUPI, DNN,S-NSSAI, PDU session ID, AMF ID, request type, N1 SM container (e.g.,comprising the PDU session establishment request), user locationinformation, access type, and/or PEI.

At step 1003, the SMF 160 may register with the UDM 140, for example, ifthe SMF 160 has not yet registered and/or if subscription data is notavailable. The SMF 160 may retrieve subscription data. Subscribers maybe notified, for example, if subscription data is modified. The SMF 160may select an UPF and trigger a PDU session establishment authenticationand/or authorization, for example, if the SMF 160 determines it shouldperform secondary authorization and/or authentication during theestablishment of the PDU session by a DN-AAA server.

At step 1004, the SMF 160 may perform PCF selection (e.g., if dynamicPCC is deployed) and/or the SMF 160 may apply one or more local policies(e.g., if dynamic PCC is not deployed). The SMF 160 may invoke anoperation (e.g., a Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Get operation), for example, toestablish a PDU session with the PCF 135 and/or to obtain the defaultPCC rules for the PDU session.

At step 1005, the PCF 135 may subscribe one or more events in the SMF160, for example, by invoking an operation (e.g., aNsmf_EventExposure_Subscribe operation). At step 1006, the SMF 160 mayreport one or more events to the PCF 135 that were previouslysubscribed, for example, by invoking a service operation (e.g., aNsmf_EventExposure_Notify service operation). At step 1007, the PCF 135may provide updated policies to the SMF 160, for example, by invoking aservice operation (e.g., a Npcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify serviceoperation). The PCF 135 may provide, to the SMF 160, authorizedSession-AMBR and/or the authorized 5QI/ARP.

At step 1008, the SMF 160 may initiate an N4 session establishmentprocedure with the selected UPF 110, for example, if a request typeindicates and initial request and/or if a PDU session establishmentauthentication and/or authorization was not performed. Additionally oralternatively, the SMF 160 may initiate an N4 session modificationprocedure with the selected UPF 110, for example, by the SMF 160 sendingan N4 session establishment and/or modification request to the UPF 110,and/or by providing one or more packet detection, enforcement and/orreporting rules that may be installed on the UPF 110 for the PDUsession. The CN tunnel info may be provided to UPF 110 at step 1008, forexample, if CN tunnel info is allocated by the SMF 160.

At step 1009, the UPF 110 may acknowledge the SMF 160, for example, bysending an N4 session establishment and/or modification response. The CNtunnel info may be provided to SMF 160 at step 1009, for example, if CNtunnel info is allocated by the UPF 110.

At step 1010, the SMF 160 may send, to the AMF 155, one or more messagescomprising a response message. The response message (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSM Response) may comprise one or more of: causeinformation, N2 SM information, and/or N1 SM container. The N2 SMinformation may comprise one or more of a PDU session ID, QoS profile,SN tunnel information, or S-NSSAI, session-AMBR. The N1 SM container maycomprise a PDU session establishment accept. The PDU sessionestablishment accept may comprise one or more of a: QoS rule, SSC mode,S-NSSAI, allocated IPv4 address, or session-AMBR. The N2 SM informationmay comprise information that the AMF 155 may forward to the (R)AN 105.The CN tunnel information may correspond to the Core Network address ofthe N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDU Session. The QoS profile mayprovide the (R)AN 105 with the mapping between QoS parameters and QoSflow identifiers. Multiple QoS profiles may be provided to the (R)AN105. The PDU session ID may be used by AN signaling with the wirelessdevice 100 to indicate to the wireless device 100 an association betweenAN resource and a PDU Session for the wireless device 100.

At step 1011, the AMF 155 may send, to the (R)AN 105, an N2 PDU sessionrequest. The N2 PDU session request may comprise one or more of N2 SMinformation or a NAS message. The NAS message may comprise one or moreof: a PDU session ID and/or an N1 SM container (e.g., a PDU sessionestablishment accept message). The AMF 155 may send the NAS messagecomprising a PDU session ID and a PDU session establishment acceptmessages (e.g., that may be targeted to the wireless device 100), and N2SM information that may be received from the SMF 160, within the N2 PDUsession request to the (R)AN 105.

At step 1012, the (R)AN 105 may send, to the wireless device 100, one ormore messages for a resource setup. The wireless device 100 may send, tothe (R)AN 150 one or more messages for the AN resource setup. The (R)AN105 may issue an AN specific signaling exchange with the wireless device100 that may be related to the information received from SMF 160. Forexample, an RRC connection reconfiguration (e.g., for a 3GPP RAN) maytake place with the wireless device 100 establishing the necessary RANresources related to the QoS rules for the PDU session request receivedat step 1010. The (R)AN 105 may allocate (R)AN N3 tunnel information forthe PDU session. The (R)AN 105 may forward the NAS message (e.g.,comprising one or more of a PDU session ID, or N1 SM container such as aPDU session establishment accept message) that may be provided at step1010 to the wireless device 100. The (R)AN 105 may provide the NASmessage to the wireless device 100, for example, if the necessary RANresources have been established and/or the allocation of (R)AN tunnelinformation has been successful.

At step 1013, the (R)AN 105 may send, to the AMF 155, an N2 PDU sessionresponse. The N2 PDU session response may comprise one or more of: a PDUsession ID, a cause message, and/or N2 SM information. N2 SM informationmay comprise one or more of: a PDU Session ID, (R)AN tunnel information,and/or a list of accepted and/or rejected QoS profile(s). The (R)ANtunnel info may correspond to the access network address of the N3tunnel corresponding to the PDU session.

At step 1014, the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF 160, an SM contextrequest message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext Request). The SMcontext request message may comprise, for example, N2 SM information.The AMF 155 may forward the N2 SM information, that may be received fromthe (R)AN 105, to the SMF 160.

At step 1015, the SMF 160 may initiate an N4 session establishmentprocedure with the UPF 110 (e.g., if the N4 session for the PDU sessionwas not already established). Additionally or alternatively, the SMF 160may initiate an N4 session modification procedure with the UPF 110. TheSMF 160 may provide AN tunnel information and CN tunnel information. TheCN tunnel information may need to be provided, for example, if the SMF160 selected CN tunnel info.

At step 1016, the UPF 110 may provide an N4 session establishment and/ormodification response to the SMF 160.

At step 1017, the SMF 160 may send, to the AMF 155, an SM contextresponse message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext Response). TheSM context response message may comprise a cause message. The AMF 155may forward relevant events to the SMF 160, for example, after step 1017and/or for a handover where the (R)AN tunnel information may changeand/or the AMF may be relocated.

FIG. 11 shows an example of a user plane protocol stack. The user planeprotocol stack between the wireless device 100 and the (R)AN 105 maycomprise, for example, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), PDCP,RLC, MAC, and PHY sublayers. The main services and functions of the PDCPsublayer for the user plane may comprise, for example one or more of:sequence numbering; header compression and decompression (e.g., ROHC);transfer of user data; reordering and duplicate detection; PDCP PDUrouting (e.g., for split bearers); retransmission of PDCP SDUs;ciphering, deciphering, and integrity protection; PDCP SDU discard; PDCPre-establishment and data recovery for RLC AM; and/or duplication ofPDCP PDUs.

The main services and functions of the PDCP sublayer for the controlplane may comprise, for example, one or more of: sequence numbering;ciphering, deciphering, and integrity protection; transfer of controlplane data; duplicate detection; and/or duplication of PDCP PDUs. Forthe header compression and decompression function of the PDCP sublayer,the header compression protocol may be based on the Robust HeaderCompression (ROHC) framework (e.g., such as in IETF RFC 5795: “TheRObust Header Compression (ROHC) Framework”). There may be multipleheader compression algorithms, called profiles, defined for the ROHCframework. A profile may be specific to the particular network layer,transport layer, or upper layer protocol combination (e.g., TCP/IP andRTP/UDP/IP). The ROHC channel may be specified as part of the ROHCframework (e.g., such as in IETF RFC 5795). The ROHC framework mayinclude how to multiplex different flows (e.g., header compressed ornot) over the ROHC channel, and/or how to associate a specific IP flowwith a specific context state (e.g., during initialization of thecompression algorithm for that flow). The implementation of thefunctionality of the ROHC framework and/or of the functionality of thesupported header compression profiles may not covered in the 3GPPspecifications. The following profiles may be supported, for example, by3GPP 5G specification TS 38.323:

TABLE 1 Supported header compression protocols and profiles ProfileIdentifier Usage Reference 0x0000 No compression RFC 5795 0x0001RTP/UDP/IP RFC 3095, RFC 4815 0x0002 UDP/IP RFC 3095, RFC 4815 0x0003ESP/IP RFC 3095, RFC 4815 0x0004 IP RFC 3843, RFC 4815 0x0006 TCP/IP RFC6846 0x0101 RTP/UDP/IP RFC 5225 0x0102 UDP/IP RFC 5225 0x0103 ESP/IP RFC5225 0x0104 IP RFC 5225

The PDCP Data PDU may be used to convey one or more of: a PDCP SDU SN;user plane data; control plane data; and/or a MAC-I.

FIG. 12 shows an example of a PDCP data PDU. A PDCP data PDU with 12bits in PDCP SN may be used for signaling radio bearers carrying controlplane data (SRBs). A PDCP PDU may be a bit string that is byte aligned(e.g., arranged in multiple of 8 bits) in length. Bit strings may berepresented by tables in which the most significant bit may be theleftmost bit of the first line of the table (e.g., in Table 1), theleast significant bit may be the rightmost bit on the last line of thetable, and more generally, the bit string may to be read from left toright and in the reading order of the lines. The bit order of aparameter field within a PDCP PDU may be represented with the first andmost significant bit in the leftmost bit and the last and leastsignificant bit in the rightmost bit. PDCP SDUs may be bit strings thatmay be byte aligned in length. A compressed or uncompressed SDU may beincluded into a PDCP Data PDU from the first bit onward. The PDCPcontrol PDU may be used to convey one or more of a PDCP status report oran interspersed ROHC feedback.

FIG. 13 shows an example of a PDCP control PDU. The PDCP control PDU maycarry one interspersed ROHC feedback that may be applicable for a dataradio bearer which may utilize RLC UM (e.g., UM DRBs), and for a dataradio bearer which may utilize RLC AM (e.g., AM DRBs). The PDU type mayindicate the type of control information included in the correspondingPDCP control PDU, such as shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 PDU type Bit Description 000 PDCP status report 001 InterspersedROHC feedback 010-111 Reserved

FIG. 14 shows an example of a layer 2 data flow. A transport block maybe generated at a MAC layer, for example, by concatenating two RLC PDUsfrom a radio bearer (RB). The two RLC PDUs from the RB may eachcorrespond to one Ethernet frame and/or IP packet (e.g., n and/or n+1).Headers and subheaders may be represented by “H”.

A system (e.g., a 5G system) may support an Ethernet type PDU session.For an Ethernet PDU session type, an Ethernet packet filter set may beused, for example in one or more QoS rules and/or SDF template, toidentify a QoS flow. The packet filter set (e.g., for an Ethernet PDUsession type) may support packet filtering based on any combination ofone or more of: source MAC address and/or destination MAC address;Ethertype (e.g., such as set forth by IEEE 802.3); customer-VLAN tag(C-TAG) and/or service-VLAN tag (S-TAG) VID fields (e.g., such as setforth in IEEE 802.1Q); C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP/DEI fields (e.g., such asset forth in IEEE 802.1Q); and/or IP packet filter set (e.g., ifEthertype indicates IPv4 and/or IPv6 payload).

Ethernet type PDU sessions may be difficult to implement. Some legacytechnologies may not support and/or transfer traffic of Ethernet typePDUs Enhanced signaling mechanisms may be provided, however, to supporttraffic of Ethernet type PDUs. For example, signaling mechanisms and/ornetwork protocols may provide capability to transmit and/or receive awireless device MAC profile and/or an IP profile among network nodes.The wireless device MAC profile and/or an IP profile may be provided toimprove network performance, for example, by providing capability toestablish an Ethernet type PDU session. One or more devices (e.g., in a5GC) may not allocate to a wireless device a MAC address and/or an IPaddress for an Ethernet type PDU session. Network signaling and/orperformance may be improved by providing information for an Ethernettype PDU session. A UPF may receive one or more of: a source MACaddress, a destination MAC address, and/or an Ethernet packet filterset. The UPF may associate one or more MAC addresses with a PDU session.Information associated with a wireless device may be provided, such asMAC addresses, Ethertype, customer-VLAN tag (C-TAG) and/or service-VLANtag (S-TAG) VID, C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP and/or DEI, and/or an IP packetfilter set (e.g., if Ethertype indicates an IPv4 and/or an IPv6payload). An SMF and/or a PCF may create and/or determine acorresponding policy (e.g., QoS control, charging control, gating, etc.)that may require packet filter information, for example, to detect aservice data flow and/or a QoS flow. A UPF may receive one or morepolicies from an SMF, for example, to detect and/or process a servicedata flow and/or a QoS flow. A UPF may store one or more MAC addresses(e.g., that may be received from the wireless device). The UPF mayassociate one or more MAC addresses with a PDU session (e.g., anEthernet PDU session).

FIGS. 15A-15D show examples of registration procedures. A wirelessdevice (e.g., wireless device 100) may perform a registration procedure,for example, in a CM-IDLE state. FIGS. 15A and 15B show registrationprocedures that may involve a PCF (e.g., PCF 135). FIGS. 15C and 15Dshow registration procedures that may not involve a PCF (e.g., PCF 135).Steps 1501-1512 in FIG. 15A correspond to steps 1501-1512, respectively,in FIG. 15C, unless otherwise indicated. Steps 1513-1527 in FIG. 15Bcorrespond to steps 1513-1527, respectively, in FIG. 15D, unlessotherwise indicated.

At step 1501 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), a wireless device (e.g., wirelessdevice 100) may send a registration request to a (R)AN 105. Theregistration request may comprise an AN message. The AN message maycomprise one or more of: an AN parameter or an RM-NAS registrationrequest. An RM-NAS registration request may comprise one or more of: aregistration type, a SUPI or 5G-GUTI, a security parameter, an NSSAI, adevice capability (e.g., a 5GCN capability of a wireless device), a PDUsession status, a PDU session to be re-activated, a follow on request,and/or a MICO mode preference. A wireless device (e.g., wireless device100) may include in the registration request one or more of Ethernetpacket filter sets. An Ethernet packet filter set may be identified on aper device basis (e.g., per wireless device identified by a wirelessdevice identifier), on a per data network basis (e.g., per APN, whichmay be indicated by a DNN), on a per network slice basis (e.g.,indicated by an S-NSSAI); and/or on a per PDU session (e.g., indicatedby a PDU session ID). An Ethernet packet filter set may comprise one ormore of: a source MAC address, a destination MAC address; an Ethertype(e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.3); a C-TAG and/or S-TAG VID field(e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.1Q); a C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP and/or DEIfield (e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.1Q); and/or an IP packet filterset (e.g., if Ethertype indicates an IPv4 payload and/or an IPv6payload). An IP packet filter set may comprise one or more of: a sourceIP address, a destination IP address, and/or an IPv6 prefix; a sourceport number and/or a destination port number; a protocol ID of theprotocol above IP and/or a next header type; a type of service (TOS)(e.g., for IPv4), a traffic class (e.g., for IPv6), and/or a mask; aflow label (e.g., for IPv6); and/or a security parameter index. A deviceidentifier may indicate a user identity and/or an identifier of awireless device. The device identifier may comprise a wireless devicenetwork access identifier, a SUPI, a 5G-GUTI, and/or other wirelessdevice identifier(s).

At step 1502 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the (R)AN 105 may perform an AMFselection. The (R)AN 105 may select an AMF (e.g., AMF 155-1) based on a(R)AT and/or an NSSAI, if available. The (R)AN 105 may select an AMF,for example, if a SUPI is included and/or if a valid AMF is notindicated (e.g., such as by a 5G GUTI). The (R)AN 105 may select the newAMF 155-1.

At step 1503 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the (R)AN 105 may send, to theselected AMF (e.g., the new AMF 155-1), a message comprising aregistration request. The message may comprise one or more of: N2parameters and/or an RM-NAS registration request. The registrationrequest may comprise one or more of: a registration type, a subscriberpermanent identifier (e.g., a 5G-GUTI), a security parameter, an NSSAIand/or a MICO mode preference, a PDU session status, and/or a PDUsession(s) (e.g., that may be determined to be re-activated). Themessage comprising the registration request may comprise one or moreEthernet packet filter set(s) information that may have been receivedfrom the wireless device 100.

At step 1504 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the new AMF 155-1 may send, to theold AMF 155-2, a context transfer message. The new AMF 155-1 may invoke,for example, the Namf_Communication_UEContextTransfer service operationon the old AMF 155-2, for example, if an identifier (e.g., a 5G-GUTI ofthe wireless device 100) was included in the registration request and/orif the serving AMF 155-2 has changed since a last registration. Thecontext transfer message may comprise a complete registration requestinformation element, which may be integrity protected, to request thewireless device 100 SUPI and/or MM context information.

At step 1505 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the old AMF 155-2 may send, to thenew AMF 155-1, a response message. The old AMF 155-2 may respond to thenew AMF 155-1 with a response (e.g., aNamf_Communication_UEContextTransfer response) comprising the wirelessdevice 100 SUPI and/or MM context information. If the old AMF 155-2 hasinformation about active PDU sessions, the old AMF 155-2 may include inan existing PDU session(s) (e.g., which may have been established beforethe response message) one or more of: SMF information (e.g., SMFidentities and/or SMF addresses); UPF information (e.g., UPF identitiesand/or UPF addresses); PDU session ID(s); wireless device address (e.g.,for IPv4) and/or wireless device prefix (e.g., for IPv6) if available;and/or DNN if available.

At step 1506 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the new SMF 155-1 may send, to thewireless device 100, a message comprising an identity request. Anidentity request procedure may be initiated by the new AMF 155-1 sendingan identity request message to the wireless device 100, for example, ifthe SUPI is not provided by the wireless device 100 and/or if the SUPIis not retrieved from the old AMF 155-2.

At step 1507 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the wireless device 100 may send,to the new AMF 155-1, a message comprising an identity response. Thewireless device 100 may respond to the identity request from step 1506with an identity response message, to the new AMF 155-1, that comprisesthe SUPI.

At step 1508 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the new AMF-1 may perform an AUSFselection. The new AMF 155-1 may decide to invoke an AUSF selection, forexample, after receiving the identity response from step 1507.

At step 1509 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), authentication and/or securityprocesses may be performed. For example, the AUSF 150 may initiateauthentication of the wireless device 100, and/or the new AMF 155-1 mayinitiate NAS security functions.

At step 1510 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the new AMF 155-1 may send, to theold AMF 155-2, a message comprising a registration completenotification. The new AMF 155-1 may indicate to the old AMF 155-2 that aregistration of the wireless device 100 in the New AMF 155-1 has beencompleted, for example, by invoking aNamf_Communication_RegistrationCompleteNotify service operation.

At step 1511 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the new AMF 155-1 may send, to thewireless device 100, a message comprising an identity request. Thewireless device 100 may send, to the new AMF 155-1, a response to anidentity request (e.g., which may provide an indication of the identityof the wireless device 100). The identity request procedure may beinitiated by the AMF 155-1 sending an identity request message to thewireless device 100 to retrieve a PEI, for example, if the PEI was notprovided by the wireless device 100 and/or if the PEI was not retrievedfrom the old AMF 155-2.

At step 1512 (in FIGS. 15A and 15C), the new AMF 155-1 may send, to theold AMF 155-2, a message comprising an identity check. The old AMF 155-2may send, to the new AMF 155-1, a message comprising a response to theidentity check (e.g., which may provide a confirmation of the identityof the wireless device 100). The New AMF 155-1 may initiate an MEidentity check, for example, by invoking an N5g-eir_MEIdentityCheck_Getservice operation.

At step 1513 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), the new AMF 155-1 may perform a UDMselection. The new AMF 155-1 may select a UDM (e.g., the UDM 140) basedon the SUPI.

At step 1514 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), registration, update, and removalmessages may be sent between the UDM 140 and the new AMF 155-1 and/orthe old AMF 155-2. At step 1514 a, the new AMF 155-1 may invoke aregistration, for example, by sending a message (e.g.,Nudm_UEContextManagement_Registration) to the UDM 140. The new AMF 155-1may invoke the registration, for example, if the AMF has changed since alast registration, if the wireless device 100 provides a SUPI that doesnot refer to a valid context in the AMF 155-1, and/or if the wirelessdevice 100 registers to an AMF that it has already registered for otheraccess (e.g., a non-3GPP access, such that the UE is registered over anon-3GPP access and initiates the registration procedure to add a 3GPPaccess). A subscription data retrieval indication may be included, forexample, if there is no subscription context for the UE in the New AMF155-1. The new AMF 155-1 may provide the access type it serves for thewireless device 100 to the UDM 140. The access type may be set to aparticular access type, such as a 3GPP access. The UDM 140 and/or theAMF 155-1 may store the associated access type. At step 1514 b, the UDM140 may invoke a service operation (e.g., theNudm_SubscriptionData_UpdateNotification) to provide subscription datafrom the UDM 140 to the new AMF 155-1, for example, if the subscriptiondata retrieval indication was included in step 1514 a. If the UDM 140stores the associated access type, it may cause the UDM 140 to initiatea removal procedure by sending a message (e.g.,Nudm_UEContextManagement_RemoveNotification), to the old AMF 155-2 thatmay correspond to a particular access (e.g., 3GPP access). The old AMF155-2 may remove the MM context of the wireless device 100, for example,after or in response to receiving a message from the UDM 140, forexample, as part of the removal procedure.

At step 1515 (in FIG. 15B), the new AMF 155-1 may perform a PCFselection. The new AMF 155-1 may select a PCF, for example, based on oneor more of: the SUPI; an Ethernet MAC address; a wireless device address(e.g., for IPv4); a prefix (e.g., for IPv6) of an Ethernet payload foran existing PDU session(s) (e.g., if Ethertype indicates an IPv4 payloadand/or an IPv6 payload); and/or a DNN. The new AMF 155-1 may select thePCF 135. While step 1515 is additionally shown in FIG. 15D forreference, this step may not be performed in FIG. 15D, for example, ifthe PCF 135 is not used for this step. For example, in FIG. 15D, the newAMF 155-1 may send/receive one or more messages for policy controldirectly to/from the SMF 160 without selecting a PCF. Step 1515 may beomitted, for example, if PCC is not supported and/or if there is no PCFin the network.

At step 1516 (in FIG. 15B), one or more messages for policy control(s)may be sent by the new AMF 155-1 to the PCF 135, and/or by the PCF 135to the new AMF 155-1. The new AMF 155-1 may send a request, to the PCF135, to apply operator policies for the wireless device 100, forexample, if the new AMF 155-1 has not yet obtained an access andmobility policy for the wireless device 100 and/or if the access andmobility policy in the mew AMF 155-1 may no longer be valid. The new AMF155-1 may initiate a creation of a policy control session with the PCF135 by sending a message to the PCF 135 (e.g., for aNpcf_PolicyControl_PolicyCreate service operation). The message from thenew AMF 155-1 may comprise Ethernet packet filter set(s) informationthat is per PDU session (e.g., which may be indicated by a PDU sessionID), per wireless device (e.g., that may be indicated by a wirelessdevice identity), per data network (e.g., an APN indicated by a DNN),and/or per network slice (e.g., that may be indicated by an S-NSSAIreceived from the (R)AN 105). The PCF 135 may make the access andmobility control policy decision based on the Ethernet packet filterset(s) information received from the New AMF 155-1 and/or respond to thenew AMF 155-1 (e.g., via an Npcf_PolicyControl_PolicyCreate serviceoperation message) with the access and mobility control policy for thewireless device 100. The access and mobility control policy may compriseservice area restrictions and/or a RAT frequency selection priority(RFSP) index. While step 1516 is additionally shown in FIG. 15D forreference, this step may not be performed in FIG. 15D, for example, ifthe PCF 135 is not used for these steps. For example, in FIG. 15D, thenew AMF 155-1 may send/receive one or more messages for policy controldirectly to/from the SMF 160. Step 1516 may be omitted, for example, ifPCC is not supported and/or if there is no PCF in the network.

At step 1517 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), one or more PDU sessions may becreated and/or modified, such as described further below regarding FIGS.16A-16B and/or 17A-17B. The new AMF 155-1 may enforce the access andmobility control policy, re-activate one or more PDU sessions, and/orcreate one or more PDU sessions. The interactions between the AMF(s)(e.g., new AMF 155-1 and/or old AMF 155-2), SMF (e.g., SMF 160), PCF(e.g., PCF 135) (if supported) and/or UPF (e.g., UPF 110) to re-activateone or more PDU sessions and/or create one or more PDU sessions maycorrespond to steps 1601 to 1606 (in FIGS. 16A-16B). Step 1517 (in FIGS.15B and 15D) may be performed, for example, in response to the messagereceived from the PCF 135 (e.g., if supported). The new AMF 155-1 maymake the access and mobility control policy decision based on theEthernet packet filter set(s) information received from the (R)AN 105,for example, if PCC is not supported and/or if there is no PCF in thenetwork.

At step 1518 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), the new AMF 155-1 may send, to the(R)AN 105, a PDU session request. The PDU session request may comprise aNAS message. The PDU session request (e.g., the NAS message) maycomprise one or more of: a PDU Session ID; CN N3 tunnel information(e.g., UPF 110 address, UPF 110 identity, and/or TEID) for a PDUsession; and/or a PDU session establishment accept (e.g., which may betargeted to the wireless device 100).

At step 1519 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), an AN resource setup procedure maybe performed between the (R)AN 105 and the wireless device 100. The(R)AN 105 may issue an AN specific signaling exchange with the wirelessdevice 100 that may be related to information received from SMF. Aconnection reconfiguration procedure (e.g., an RRC ConnectionReconfiguration for a 3GPP RAN) may be performed such that the wirelessdevice 100 may establish, for example, sufficient RAN resourcesaccording to one or more authorized QoS rules for the PDU Session(s).The (R)AN 105 may: allocate (R)AN N3 tunnel information comprising a(R)AN address, identity, and/or tunnel end identifier (TEID) of an N3tunnel for a downlink for the PDU session(s); correlate the (R)AN N3tunnel with the CN N3 tunnel for the PDU session(s); and/or forward theNAS message. The NAS message may comprise, for example, PDU sessionID(s) and/or N1 SM information (e.g., a PDU session establishmentaccept) that may be provided at step 1518 to the UE. The (R)AN 105 mayprovide the NAS message to the UE, for example, if the necessary RANresources have been established and/or if the allocation of (R)AN tunnelinformation has been successful.

At step 1520 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), the (R)AN 105 may send, to the newAMF 155-1, a message comprising a PDU session response. The PDU sessionresponse (e.g., an N2 PDU session response) may comprise one or more of:PDU Session ID(s), cause information, and/or N2 SM information. The N2SM information may comprise, for example, PDU Session ID(s), (R)AN N3tunnel information, and/or a list of accepted and/or rejected QoSprofile(s).

At step 1521 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), one or more PDU sessions may bemodified, such as described further below regarding FIGS. 17A-17B. Oneor more of the new AMF 155-1, old AMF 155-2, SMF 160, and/or PCF 135 (ifsupported) may send, to the UPF 110, the (R)AN N3 tunnel information.Interactions between AMF(s), SMF, PCF (if supported), and UPF to modifyone or more PDU sessions may correspond to steps 1701 to 1706 in FIGS.17A-17B. Additionally or alternatively, step 1521 may be performedbefore step 1527 and/or after step 1526 described below.

At step 1522 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), the new AMF 155-1 may send arequest to the N3IWF. At step 1523 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D) the N3IWF maysend a response to the new AMF 155-1. The New AMF 155-1 may determine tomodify the N2AP UE-TNLA-binding toward N3IWF, for example, by sending anN2 request message. The N3IWF may respond to the N2 request message withan N2 response message.

At step 1524 (in FIG. 15B), the old AMF 155-2 may send, to the PCF 135,a message for one or more policy deletions. The PCF 135 may send (e.g.,as a response) a message to the old AMF 155-1, for example, that mayconfirm one or more policy deletions. The old AMF 155-2 may terminate awireless device context in the PCF 135, for example, if the old AMF155-2 previously requested wireless device context to be established inthe PCF 135. The old AMF 155-2 may terminate the wireless device contextin the PCF 135 by invoking the Npcf_PolicyControl_PolicyDelete serviceoperation. While step 1524 is additionally shown in FIG. 15D forreference, this step may not be performed in FIG. 15D, for example, ifthe PCF 135 is not used for this step. For example, in FIG. 15D, the oldAMF 155-2 may send/receive one or more messages for policy deletionto/from the SMF 160. Step 1524 may be omitted, for example, if PCC isnot supported and/or if there is no PCF in the network.

At step 1525 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), the new AMF 155-1 may send, to thewireless device 100, a message comprising a registration acceptance. Forexample, the new AMF 155-1 may send a registration accept message to thewireless device 100 indicating that the registration has been accepted.A 5G-GUTI may be included in the registration accept message, forexample, if the new AMF 155-1 allocates a new 5G-GUTI.

At step 1526 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), the wireless device 100 may send,to the new AMF 155-1, a message comprising a registration completion.For example, the wireless device 100 may send a registration completemessage to the new AMF 155-1 to acknowledge a new assignment, such as anew 5G-GUTI being assigned.

At step 1527 (in FIGS. 15B and 15D), one or more PDU sessions may bereleased, such as described further below regarding FIGS. 18A-18B.Interactions between AMF(s) (e.g., the new AMF 155-1 and/or the old AMF155-2), an SMF (e.g., the SMF 160), a PCF (e.g., the PCF 135) (ifsupported), and/or a UPF (e.g., the UPF 110) to delete one or more PDUsessions may correspond to steps 1801-1806 in FIGS. 18A-18B.Additionally or alternatively, step 1527 may be performed after step1521 and/or before step 1522.

FIGS. 16A and 16B show examples of PDU session creation procedures. FIG.16A shows PDU session creation procedures that may involve a PCF (e.g.,PCF 135). FIG. 16B shows PDU session creation procedures that may notinvolve a PCF (e.g., PCF 135). Steps 1601-1606 in FIG. 16A correspond tosteps 1601-1606, respectively, in FIG. 16B, unless otherwise indicated.Steps 1601-1606 may be performed, for example, as at least part of step1517 described above regarding FIGS. 15A-15D.

At step 1601 (in FIGS. 16A and 16B), the new AMF 155-1 may send, to theSMF 160, a message (e.g., PDU session create request) to requestestablishment of one or more PDU sessions. The new AMF 155-1 may sendthe message to request a creation of a PDU session, for example, basedon one or more of the following conditions: the wireless device 100 mayattempt or indicate an intention to activate one or more existing PDUsessions that have already been established; the wireless device 100 mayattempt to or indicate an intention to establish one or more new PDUsessions; a local policy that may indicate the new AMF 155-1 hasattempted or indicated an intention to establish one or more new PDUsessions; and/or other reasons to activate existing PDU session and/orto establish one or more new PDU sessions. One or more old PDU sessionsmay be released after one or more new PDU sessions have beenestablished. The message (e.g., PDU session create request) to requestestablishment of one or more PDU sessions may comprise one or more of:an S-NSSAI and/or a network slicing instance ID. The S-NSSAI maycomprise a slice and/or service type (SST) and/or a slice differentiator(SD) which may indicate an expected network slice behavior in terms offeatures and services. The network slicing instance ID may identify anetwork slicing instance. A PDU Session ID may identify a PDU session. Adevice identifier and/or a user identity associated with the wirelessdevice (e.g., for an Ethernet type wireless device) may comprise one ormore of: a SUPI, 5G-GUTI, and/or other wireless device identifier; aData Network Name (DNN); and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s)information. Ethernet packet filter set information may be on a per PDUsession basis (e.g., which may be indicated by a PDU session ID), a perwireless device basis (e.g., which may be indicated by one or morewireless device identities), on a per data network basis (e.g., whichmay be an APN indicated by a DNN), and/or on a per network slice basis(e.g., indicated by one or more S-NSSAI).

At step 1602 (in FIG. 16A), the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, amessage comprising a policy request to request one or more policies forone or more PDU sessions. The SMF 160 may perform one or more steps, forexample, after or in response to a message from step 1601. The SMF 160may allocate an IPv6 prefix for one or more PDU session and N6point-to-point tunneling (e.g., if the PDU Type is Ethernet PDU, wherethe N6 tunnel may be used to transmit the user data between the UPF anda Data Network). The SMF 160 may allocate the CN N6 tunnel information(e.g., UPF 110 address, UPF 110 identity, and/or tunnel endpointidentifier (TEID)) and/or the CN N3 tunnel info (e.g., UPF 110 address,UPF 110 identity, and/or TEID) for the PDU sessions). The SMF 160 mayselect a PCF. For example, the SMF 160 may select the same PCF that mayalready be serving an existing PDU session(s) (e.g., indicated by PDUsession ID(s)). Additionally or alternatively, the SMF 160 may select aPCF based on one or more of: the SUPI; an Ethernet MAC address, awireless device address (e.g., for IPv4), a prefix (e.g., for IPv6) ofthe Ethernet payload for the existing PDU session(s) (e.g., if Ethertypeindicates an IPv4 payload and/or an IPv6 payload); and/or a DNN. Whilestep 1602 is additionally shown in FIG. 16B for reference, this step maynot be performed in FIG. 16B, for example, if the PCF 135 is not usedfor this step. For example, in FIG. 16B, the SMF 160 may determine oneor more policies without communicating with a PCF. Step 1602 may beomitted, for example, if PCC is not supported and/or if there is no PCFin the network.

Additionally or alternatively, the SMF 160 may select a new PCF. The SMF160 may send, to the new PCF (not shown) a message (e.g., policyrequest) to request one or more policies for the PDU session(s). Themessage may comprise information received from the new AMF 155-1, suchas the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information on a per PDU sessionbasis (e.g., which may be indicated by a PDU session ID), on a perwireless device basis (which may be indicated by one or more wirelessdevice identities, on a per data network basis (e.g., which may be anAPN indicated by a DNN), and/or on a per network slice basis (e.g.,which may be indicated by one or more S-NSSAI). The information from thenew AMF 155-1 may comprise a prefix (e.g., for IPv6) for the PDU session(s) and/or N6 point-to-point tunneling (e.g., if the PDU Type isEthernet PDU).

If step 1602 is omitted, the SMF 160 may make one or more policydecisions based on information received from the New AMF 155-1, such asone or more of: Ethernet packet filter set(s) information), subscriptioninformation, and/or other information. The SMF 160 may create a servicedata flow template for a policy rule based on the information receivedfrom the New AMF 155-1.

At step 1603 (in FIG. 16A), the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, amessage comprising a policy response. The PCF 135 may make a policydecision that may be based on information received from the SMF 160. Thepolicy decision may be based on, for example, one or more of: Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information, subscription information, and/or otherinformation. The PCF 135 may create a service data flow template for thepolicy rule based on the information received from the SMF 160. The PCF135 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g., a policy response)comprising one or more of: a QoS policy for the PDU session(s); acharging policy for the PDU session(s); traffic steering control forsteering traffic; and/or other policies. The message comprising thepolicy response may comprise, for example, Ethernet packet filter setsinformation. While step 1603 is additionally shown in FIG. 16B forreference, this step may not be performed in FIG. 16B, for example, ifthe PCF 135 is not used for this step. For example, in FIG. 16B, the SMF160 may determine one or more policies without communicating with a PCF.Step 1603 may be omitted, for example, if PCC is not supported and/or ifthere is no PCF in the network.

At step 1604 (in FIGS. 16A and 16B), the SMF 160 may send, to the UPF110, a message (e.g., user plane session establishment request) torequest establishment of one or more user plane sessions for one or morePDU sessions. The SMF 160 may send the message to request establishmentof the one or more user plane sessions for the one or more PDU sessionsafter or in response to receiving a policy from the PCF 135 (e.g., atstep 1603). The message to request establishment of one or more userplane sessions for the one or more PDU sessions may comprise one or moreof: an S-NSSAI and/or a network slicing instance ID; the PDU sessionID(s); the device identifier and/or user identity associated with awireless device (e.g., the wireless device 100); a data network name(DNN); CN N6 tunnel information (e.g., UPF 110 address, UPF 110identity, and/or TEID) and/or CN N3 tunnel information (e.g., UPF 110address, UPF 110 identity, and/or TEID) for the PDU session(s) (e.g., ifcorresponding tunnel information is allocated by the SMF), and/or one ormore policies for the PDU sessions (e.g., which may be included withEthernet packet filter set(s) information).

At step 1605 (in FIGS. 16A and 16B), the UPF 110 may send, to the SMF160, a message comprising a response to the request (e.g., at step1604). The UPF 110 may send, for example, a user plane sessionestablishment response that is based on the message received from theSMF 160. The UPF 110 may set up the user plane session(s). The UPF 110may acknowledge the SMF 160, for example, by sending the responsemessage (e.g., user plane session establishment response). The responsemessage may comprise one or more of: the CN N6 tunnel information (e.g.,UPF 110 address, UPF 110 identity, and/or TEID) and/or CN N3 tunnelinformation (e.g., UPF 110 address, UPF 110 identity, and/or TEID) forthe PDU session(s) (e.g., if corresponding tunnel information isallocated by the UPF). The UPF 110 may perform service flow detectionand/or policy enforcement with Ethernet packet filter set information,for example, after or upon receiving the user plane data packet.

At step 1606 (in FIGS. 16A and 16B), the SMF 160 may send, to the newAMF 155-1, a message comprising a session creation response (e.g., PDUsession create response). The SMF 160 may acknowledge the new AMF 155-1,for example, by sending a response message (e.g., a PDU session createresponse). The response message may comprise one or more of: the allowedS-NSSAI and/or the network slicing instance ID; the PDU session ID(s); adevice identifier and/or a user identity associated with the wirelessdevice (e.g., wireless device 100); the data network name (DNN); CN N3tunnel info (e.g., UPF 110 address, or UPF 110 identity, and/or TEID)for the PDU session(s); and/or one or more policies for the PDU sessionscomprising (e.g., which may be included with the Ethernet packet filterset(s) information).

FIGS. 17A and 17B show examples of PDU session modification procedures.FIG. 17A shows PDU session modification procedures that may involve aPCF (e.g., PCF 135). FIG. 17B shows PDU session modification proceduresthat may not involve a PCF (e.g., PCF 135). Steps 1701-1706 in FIG. 17Acorrespond to steps 1701-1706, respectively, in FIG. 17B, unlessotherwise indicated. Steps 1701-1706 may be performed, for example, asat least part of step 1517 and/or step 1521 described above regardingFIGS. 15A-15D.

At step 1701 (in FIGS. 17A and 17B), the new AMF 155-1 may send, to theSMF 160, a message (e.g., PDU session modification request) to request amodification (e.g., an update) of one or more PDU sessions. The messageto request a modification of one or more PDU sessions may comprise oneor more of: the (R)AN N3 tunnel information (e.g., (R)AN address, RANidentity, and/or TEID) for the PDU session(s); an S-NSSAI and/or anetwork slicing instance ID; PDU session ID(s) for one or more PDUsessions; device identifier and/or user identity associated with awireless device (e.g., the wireless device 100); data network name(DNN); and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s) information on a per PDUsession basis (e.g., which may be indicated by a PDU session ID), on aper wireless device basis (e.g., which may be indicated by one or morewireless device identities, on a per data network basis (e.g., which maybe an APN indicated by a DNN), and/or on a per network slice basis(e.g., which may be indicated by one or more S-NSSAI).

At step 1702 (in FIG. 17A), the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, amessage comprising a policy request to request one or more policies forone or more PDU sessions. The message comprising the policy request maycomprise information received from the new AMF 155-1, such as one ormore of: Ethernet packet filter set(s) information; a prefix (e.g., forIPv6) for the PDU session(s); and/or N6 point-to-point tunneling (e.g.,if the PDU type is an Ethernet PDU). Step 1702 may correspond to step1602. While step 1702 is additionally shown in FIG. 17B for reference,this step may not be performed in FIG. 17B, for example, if the PCF 135is not used for this step. For example, in FIG. 17B, the SMF 160 maydetermine one or more policies without communication with a PCF. Step1702 may be omitted, for example, if PCC is not supported and/or ifthere is no PCF in the network.

At step 1703 (in FIG. 17A), the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, amessage comprising a policy response. The PCF 135 may make a policydecision based on information received from the SMF 160. The policydecision may be based on, for example, one or more of: Ethernet packetfilter set(s) information, subscription information, and/or otherinformation. The PCF 135 may create a service data flow template for thepolicy rule based on the information received from the SMF 160. The PCF135 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g., a policy response)comprising one or more of: a QoS policy for the PDU session(s); acharging policy for the PDU session(s); traffic steering control forsteering traffic; and/or other policies. The message comprising thepolicy response may comprise, for example, Ethernet packet filter setsinformation. Step 1703 may correspond to step 1603. While step 1703 isadditionally shown in FIG. 17B for reference, this step may not beperformed in FIG. 17B, for example, if the PCF 135 is not used for thisstep. For example, in FIG. 17B, the SMF 160 may determine one or morepolicies without communication with a PCF. Step 1703 may be omitted, forexample, if PCC is not supported and/or if there is no PCF in thenetwork.

At step 1704 (in FIGS. 17A and 17B), the SMF 160 may send, to the UPF110, a message (e.g., user plane session modification request) torequest modification of one or more user plane sessions for one or morePDU sessions. The SMF 160 may send the message to request modificationof the one or more user plane sessions, for example, after or inresponse to receiving one or more policies from the PCF 135. The messageto request modification of the one or more user plane sessions maycomprise one or more of: Ethernet packet filter set(s) information,subscription information, and/or other information. The SMF 160 maycreate a service data flow template for one or more policy rules, forexample, based on information received from the new AMF 155-1. The SMF160 may send to the UPF 110 the message to request modification (e.g.,update) of one or more user plane sessions for one or more PDU sessionscomprising one or more of: (R)AN N3 tunnel information (e.g., (R)ANaddress, (R)AN identity, and/or TEID) for the PDU session(s); S-NSSAIand/or network slicing instance ID; PDU session ID(s); device identifierand/or user identity associated with the wireless device; a data networkname (DNN); CN N6 tunnel info (e.g., UPF 110 address, UPF 110 identity,and/or TEID) and CN N3 tunnel information (e.g., UPF 110 address, UPF110 identity, and/or TEID) for the PDU session(s); and/or one or morepolicies for the PDU session(s) (e.g., which may be included with theEthernet packet filter set(s) information).

At step 1705 (in FIGS. 17A and 17B), the UPF 110 may send, to the SMF160, a message comprising a response to the request (e.g., at step1704). The UPF 110 may send, for example, a user plane sessionmodification response that is based on the message received from the SMF160. The UPF 110 may update the user plane session(s). The UPF 110 maycorrelate a CN N3 tunnel with a (R)AN N3 tunnel for the PDU session(s).The UPF 110 may acknowledges the SMF 160, for example, by sending theresponse message (e.g., user plane session modification response). Theresponse message may comprise one or more of: the CN N6 tunnelinformation (e.g., UPF 110 address, UPF 110 identity, and/or TEID)and/or CN N3 tunnel information (e.g., UPF 110 address, UPF 110identity, and/or TEID) for the PDU session(s) (e.g., if correspondingtunnel information is allocated by the UPF). The UPF 110 may performservice flow detection and/or policy enforcement with Ethernet packetfilter set information, for example, after or upon receiving the userplane data packet.

At step 1706 (in FIGS. 17A and 17B), the SMF 160 may send, to the newAMF 155-1, a message comprising a session modification response (e.g.,PDU session modification response). The SMF 160 may acknowledge the newAMF 155-1, for example, by sending a response message (e.g., a PDUsession modification response). The response message may comprise one ormore of: the allowed S-NSSAI and/or the network slicing instance ID; thePDU session ID(s); a device identifier and/or a user identity associatedwith the wireless device (e.g., wireless device 100); the data networkname (DNN); the CN N3 tunnel information (e.g., UPF 110 address, UPF 110identity, and/or TEID) for the PDU session(s); and/or one or morepolicies for the PDU sessions (e.g., which may be included with theEthernet packet filter set(s) information).

FIGS. 18A and 18B show examples of PDU session release procedures. FIG.18A shows PDU session release procedures that may involve a PCF (e.g.,PCF 135). FIG. 18B shows PDU session release procedures that may notinvolve a PCF (e.g., PCF 135). Steps 1801-1806 in FIG. 18A correspond tosteps 1801-1806, respectively, in FIG. 18B, unless otherwise indicated.Steps 1801-1806 may be performed, for example, as at least part of step1521 described above regarding FIGS. 15A-15D.

At step 1801 (in FIGS. 18A and 18B), the new AMF 155-1 may send, to theold AMF 155-2, a message (e.g., PDU session release request) to requestreleasing of one or more PDU sessions. The message may comprise one ormore of: the S-NSSAI and/or the network slicing instance ID, the PDUsession ID(s), a device identifier and/or a user identity associatedwith the wireless device, and/or the data network name (DNN).

At step 1802 (in FIGS. 18A and 18B), the old AMF 155-2 may send, to theSMF 160, a message (e.g., PDU session release request) to requestreleasing of one or more PDU sessions. The message may be sent by theold AMF 155-2 after or in response to receiving the PDU session releaserequest message from the new AMF 155-1 (e.g., at step 1801). The messagesent by the old AMF 155-2 may comprise the information received from thenew AMF 155-1 (e.g., at step 1801).

At step 1803 (in FIGS. 18A and 18B), the SMF 160 may send, to the UPF110, a message (e.g., user plane session release request) to requestreleasing of one or more user plane sessions for the PDU session(s). TheSMF 160 may send the message after or in response to receiving the PDUsession release request message from the old AMF 155-2. The message sentby the SMF 160 may comprise the information received from the old AMF155-2 (e.g., at step 1802).

At step 1804 (in FIGS. 18A and 18B), the UPF 110 may send, to the SMF160, a message (e.g., user plane session release response) to respond tothe message to request releasing of one or more user plane sessions forthe PDU session(s). The UPF 110 may release the corresponding user planesessions. The UPF 110 may acknowledge, to the SMF 160, by sending aresponse message (e.g., user plane session release response). If the UPF110 has already released the corresponding user plane session (s), theUPF 110 may acknowledge the SMF 160 by sending a response message (e.g.,user plane session release response).

At step 1805 (in FIGS. 18A and 18B), the SMF 160 may send, to the oldAMF 155-2, a message (e.g., PDU session release response) comprising aresponse to a release request. The SMF 160 may acknowledge, to the oldAMF 155-2, a release, for example, by sending a response message (e.g.,PDU session release response).

At step 1806 (in FIGS. 18A and 18B), the old AMF 155-2 may send, to thenew AMF 155-1, a message (e.g., PDU session release response) comprisinga response to a release request. The old AMF 155-2 may acknowledge thenew AMF 155-1 by sending a response message (e.g., PDU session releaseresponse). The new AMF 155-1 may send one or more messages to the (R)AN105 and/or to the wireless device 100 to release the related resource.Step 1804 and/or step 1805 may be omitted. For example, the UPF 110 mayrelease the user plane session(s) without a request from the SMF 160.

At step 1807 (in FIG. 18A), the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, amessage (e.g., policy delete request) to request removal of one or morepolicies for the PDU session(s). The message to request removal of theone or more policies for the PDU sessions may comprise the informationreceived from the old AMF 155-2 (e.g., from step 1802). While step 1807is additionally shown in FIG. 18B for reference, this step may not beperformed in FIG. 18B, for example, if the PCF 135 is not used for thisstep. For example, in FIG. 18B, the SMF 160 may remove one or morepolicies for the PDU sessions from the SMF 160, without communicatingwith a PCF. Step 1807 may be omitted, for example, if PCC is notsupported and/or if there is no PCF in the network.

At step 1808 (in FIG. 18A), the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, amessage (e.g., policy delete response) to confirm deletion of one ormore policies for the PDU session(s). The PCF 135 may acknowledge, tothe SMF 160, deletion of one or more policies for the PDU session(s) bysending a response message (e.g., policy delete response). While step1808 is additionally shown in FIG. 18B for reference, this step may notbe performed in FIG. 18B, for example, if the PCF 135 is not used forthis step. For example, in FIG. 18B, the SMF 160 may remove one or morepolicies for the PDU sessions from the SMF 160, without communicatingwith a PCF. Step 1808 may be omitted, for example, if PCC is notsupported and/or if there is no PCF in the network.

FIGS. 19A and 19B show examples of PDU session establishment procedures.FIG. 19A shows PDU session establishment procedures that may involve aPCF (e.g., PCF 135). FIG. 19B shows PDU session establishment proceduresthat may not involve a PCF (e.g., PCF 135). Steps 1901-1917 in FIG. 19Acorrespond to steps 1901-1917, respectively, in FIG. 19B, unlessotherwise indicated.

At step 1901 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the wireless device 100 may send,to the AMF 155, a message (e.g., PDU session establishment request)comprising a request to establish one or more PDU sessions. The messagemay be a NAS Message comprising one or more of: S-NSSAI, DNN, PDUsession ID, request type, and/or N1 SM container (e.g., for a PDUSession establishment request). The wireless device 100 may initiate awireless device requested PDU session establishment procedure, forexample, by the transmission of the NAS message, which may comprise aPDU session establishment request within an N1 SM container. The PDUsession establishment request may comprise a PDU type (e.g., Ethernet),SSC mode, protocol configuration options, and/or a PDU session ID thatmay be generated by the wireless device 100. In a NAS Message and/or anN1 SM container, the wireless device 100 may include one or moreEthernet packet filter sets for a PDU session that may be indicated by aPDU session ID, and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s) on a per wirelessdevice basis (e.g., which may be indicated by one or more wirelessdevice identities), and/or on a per data network bases (e.g., which maybe an APN indicated by a DNN), on a per network slice basis (e.g., whichmay be indicated by an S-NSSAI). An Ethernet packet filter set maycomprise one or more of: a source MAC address, a destination MACaddress; an Ethertype (e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.3); C-TAG and/orS-TAG VID fields (e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.1Q); C-TAG and/or S-TAGPCP and/or DEI fields (e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.1Q); and/or IPpacket filter set (e.g., if Ethertype indicates an IPv4 payload and/oran IPv6 payload). The IP packet filter set may comprise one or more of:source IP address, destination IP address, or prefix (e.g., for IPv6);source port number and/or destination port number; protocol ID of theprotocol above IP and/or next header type; type of service (e.g., forIPv4), traffic class (e.g., for IPv6), and/or Mask; flow label (e.g.,for IPv6); and/or security parameter index.

At step 1902 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF160, a message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMRequest) requesting a PDUsession creation. The AMF 155 may select an SMF (e.g., SMF 160). The AMF155 may send to the SMF 160 the message requesting the PDU sessioncreation. The message may comprise one or more of: SUPI, DNN, S-NSSAI,PDU session ID, AMF ID, request type, and/or N1 SM container (e.g.,corresponding to a PDU Session Establishment Request), device and/oruser location information, access type, PEI). The message sent by theAMF 155 may comprise the information (e.g., Ethernet packet filterset(s) information) received from the wireless device 100 (e.g., at step1901).

At step 1903 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the SMF 160 and/or the UDM 140 maysend one or more messages to the other. The SMF 160 may register withthe UDM 140, for example, if the SMF 160 has not yet registered and/orif subscription data is not available. The SMF 160 may retrievesubscription data. Subscribes may be notified, for example, ifsubscription data is modified. The SMF 160 may select an UPF (e.g., UPF110) and/or trigger the PDU session establishment authentication and/orauthorization, for example, if the SMF 160 determines a requirement toperform secondary authorization and/or authentication during anestablishment of the PDU session by a DN-AAA server.

At step 1904 (in FIG. 19A), the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, amessage (e.g., Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Get) requesting a policy control.The SMF 160 may invoke the Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Get operation, forexample, after or in response to receiving the message from the AMF 155(e.g., at step 1902). The SMF 160 may send the message requesting apolicy control to establish a PDU session with the PCF 135 and obtaindefault PCC rules for the PDU session. The message requesting a policycontrol may comprise one or more of: the Ethernet packet filter set(s)information for a PDU session (e.g., indicated by the PDU session ID),and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s) on a per wireless device basis(e.g., which may be indicated by one or more wireless device identities,on a per data network basis (e.g., which may be an APN indicated by aDNN), and/or on a per network slice basis (e.g., which may be indicatedby an S-NSSAI received from the AMF 155). While step 1904 isadditionally shown in FIG. 19B for reference, this step may not beperformed in FIG. 19B, for example, if the PCF 135 is not used for thisstep. For example, in FIG. 19B, the SMF 160 may determine one or morepolicies without communicating with a PCF. Step 1904 may be omitted, forexample, if PCC is not supported and/or if there is no PCF in thenetwork. The SMF 160 may determine one or more policy decisions, forexample, based on information received from the AMF 155 (e.g., Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information), subscription information, and/orother information. The SMF 160 may create a service data flow templatefor one or more policy rules, for example, based on the Ethernet packetfilter set(s) information received from the AMF 155.

At step 1905 (in FIG. 19A), the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, amessage (e.g., Nsmf_EventExposure_Subscribe) providing subscribeinformation. The PCF 135 may perform one or more steps, for example,after or in response to a message from step 1904. The PCF 135 may makeone or more policy decisions, for example, based on information receivedfrom the SMF 160 (e.g., Ethernet packet filter set(s) information,subscription information), and/or other information. The PCF 135 maycreate a service data flow template for one or more policy rules, forexample, based on the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information receivedfrom the SMF 160. The PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,policy response) by providing one or more of: a QoS policy for the PDUsession(s); a charging policy for the PDU session(s); traffic steeringcontrol for steering traffic; and/or other policies. The PCF 135 maysubscribe the event(s) in the SMF 160, for example, by invoking theNsmf_EventExposure_Subscribe operation. While step 1905 is additionallyshown in FIG. 19B for reference, this step may not be performed in FIG.19B, for example, if the PCF 135 is not used for this step. For example,in FIG. 19B, the SMF 160 may determine one or more policies withoutcommunicating with a PCF. Step 1905 may be omitted, for example, if PCCis not supported and/or if there is no PCF in the network.

At step 1906 (in FIG. 19A), the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, amessage (e.g., Nsmf_EventExposure_Notify) reporting one or more events.The SMF 160 may invoke, for example, the Nsmf_EventExposure_Notifyservice operation, to report one or more events to the PCF 135 that mayhave been previously subscribed. While step 1906 is additionally shownin FIG. 19B for reference, this step may not be performed in FIG. 19B,for example, if the PCF 135 is not used for this step. For example, inFIG. 19B, the SMF 160 may determine one or more policies withoutcommunicating with a PCF. Step 1906 may be omitted, for example, if PCCis not supported and/or if there is no PCF in the network.

At step 1907 (in FIG. 19A), the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, amessage (e.g., Npcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify) updating one or morepolicies. The PCF 135 may provide one or more updated policies to theSMF 160 by invoking the Npcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify serviceoperation. The PCF 135 may provide an authorized session-AMBR and/or anauthorized 5QI and/or ARP to the SMF 160. The PCF 135 may provide theone or more updated policies with the Ethernet packet filter set(s)information. While step 1907 is additionally shown in FIG. 19B forreference, this step may not be performed in FIG. 19B, for example, ifthe PCF 135 is not used for this step. For example, in FIG. 19B, the SMF160 may determine one or more policies without communicating with a PCF.Step 1907 may be omitted, for example, if PCC is not supported and/or ifthere is no PCF in the network. The SMF 160 may make one or more policydecisions, for example, based on information received from the AMF 155(e.g., Ethernet packet filter set(s) information), subscriptioninformation, and/or other information. The SMF 160 may create theservice data flow template for one or more policy rules based on theEthernet packet filter set(s) information received from the AMF 155.

At step 1908 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the SMF 160 may send, to the UPF110, a message (e.g., N4 session establishment and/or modificationrequest) establishing and/or updating one or more sessions. The SMF 160may initiate an N4 session establishment procedure with a selected UPF110, for example, if the request type indicates an initial requestand/or if PDU session establishment authentication and/or authorizationwas not previously performed. The SMF 160 may initiate an N4 sessionmodification procedure with a selected UPF 110, for example, if therequest type does not indicate an initial request and/or if PDU sessionestablishment authentication and/or authorization was previouslyperformed. The SMF 160 may send an N4 session establishment and/ormodification request to the UPF 110. The SMF 160 may provide packetdetection. The packet detected may be provided with the Ethernet packetfilter set(s) information. The SMF 160 may provide enforcement and/orreporting rules to be installed on the UPF 110 for the one or more PDUsessions. CN Tunnel information may be provided to UPF 110, for example,if CN tunnel information is allocated by the SMF 160.

At step 1909 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B) the UPF 110 may send, to the SMF160, a message (e.g., N4 session establishment and/or modificationresponse) responding to a message establishing and/or updating one ormore sessions (e.g., at step 1908). The UPF 110 may provide anacknowledgement to the SMF 160, for example, by sending an N4 sessionestablishment and/or modification response. CN tunnel information may beprovided to SMF 160, for example, if CN tunnel information is allocatedby the UPF 110. The UPF 110 may perform (e.g., based on the Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information) service flow detection and/or policyenforcement after and/or upon receiving a user plane data packet.

At step 1910 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the SMF 160 may send, to the AMF155, a message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSM response) responding to asession creation request (e.g., at step 1902). The message may compriseone or more of: cause information, N2 SM information (e.g., a PDUsession ID, QoS profile(s), CN tunnel information, S-NSSAI, and/orSession-AMBR), and/or N1 SM container (e.g., a PDU session establishmentaccept). The PDU session establishment accept may comprise one or moreof: a QoS rule, an SSC mode, an S-NSSAI, an allocated address (e.g., forIPv4), and/or a session-AMBR. The N2 SM information may compriseinformation that the AMF 155 may forward to the (R)AN 105 which maycomprise the CN tunnel information that may correspond to the CoreNetwork address of the N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDU session. A QoSprofile may provide the (R)AN 105 with mapping between QoS parametersand QoS flow identifiers. Multiple QoS profiles may be provided to the(R)AN 105. The PDU session ID may be used by AN signaling with thewireless device 100, for example, to indicate to the wireless device 100an association between an AN resource and a PDU session for the wirelessdevice 100.

At step 1911 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the AMF 155 may send, to the (R)AN105, a message (e.g., N2 PDU session request) requesting a session. AnN2 PDU session request may comprise N2 SM information and/or a NASmessage. The NAS message may comprise a PDU Session ID and/or an N1 SMcontainer (e.g., PDU session establishment accept). The AMF 155 may sendthe NAS message (e.g., comprising a PDU session ID and PDU sessionestablishment accept) targeted to the wireless device 100. The AMF 155may send the N2 SM information (e.g., received from the SMF 160) withinan N2 PDU session request to the (R)AN 105.

At step 1912 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the (R)AN 105 and/or the wirelessdevice 100 may send to the other one or more messages for an AN resourcesetup. The (R)AN 105 may issue an AN specific signaling exchange withthe wireless device 100 that may be associated with the informationreceived from SMF 160 (e.g., at step 1911). For example, a connectionreconfiguration (e.g., an RRC connection reconfiguration in a 3GPP RAN)may be performed. The wireless device 100 may establish required RANresources related to the QoS rules for the PDU session request (e.g.,received at step 1910). The (R)AN 105 may allocate (R)AN N3 tunnelinformation for the PDU session. The (R)AN 105 may forward the NASmessage (e.g., PDU session ID and/or an N1 SM container comprising a PDUsession establishment accept) provided in step 1910 to the wirelessdevice 100. The (R)AN 105 may provide the NAS message to the wirelessdevice 100, for example, if the required RAN resources have beenestablished and/or if the allocation of (R)AN tunnel information hasbeen successful. The wireless device 100 may send, to the (R)AN 105, amessage comprising one or more of: the Ethernet packet filter sets for aPDU session (e.g., which may be indicated by a PDU session ID) and/orEthernet packet filter set(s) on a per wireless device basis (e.g.,which may be indicated by one or more wireless device identities), on aper data network basis (e.g., which may be an APN indicated by a DNN),and/or on a per network slice basis (e.g., which may be indicated by oneor more S-NSSAI). An Ethernet packet filter set may comprise one or moreof: a source MAC address, a destination MAC address; an Ethertype (e.g.,as set forth in IEEE 802.3); C-TAG and/or S-TAG VID fields (e.g., as setforth in IEEE 802.1Q); C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP and/or DEI fields (e.g.,as set forth in IEEE 802.1Q); and/or an IP packet filter set (e.g., ifEthertype indicates an IPv4 payload and/or an IPv6 payload). The IPpacket filter set may comprise one or more of: source IP address,destination IP address, and/or prefix (e.g., for IPv6); source portnumber and/or destination port number; protocol ID of the protocol aboveIP and/or a next header type; type of service (e.g., for IPv4), trafficclass (e.g., for IPv6), and/or a mask; flow label (e.g., for IPv6);and/or a security parameter index. The wireless device 100 may send thesame Ethernet packet filter set(s) information as at step 1901.Additionally or alternatively, the wireless device 100 may send anupdated Ethernet packet filter set(s) information that may differ fromthe Ethernet packet filter set(s) information sent at step 1901. The(R)AN 105 may perform one or more operations based on updated Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information.

At step 1913 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the (R)AN 105 may send, to the AMF155, a message (e.g., N2 PDU session response) responding to a sessionrequest (e.g., at step 1911). An N2 PDU session response may compriseone or more of: a PDU session ID, cause information, and/or N2 SMinformation (e.g., a PDU session ID, (R)AN tunnel information, a list ofaccepted and/or rejected QoS profiles). The (R)AN 105 may send, to theAMF 155, the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information received from thewireless 100. The (R)AN 105 may send the Ethernet packet filter set(s)information with the message responding to the session request. The(R)AN tunnel information may correspond to the Access Network address ofthe N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDU session.

At step 1914 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF160, a message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request)requesting session information (e.g., N2 SM information). The AMF 155may forward the N2 SM information received from the (R)AN 105 (e.g., atstep 1913) to the SMF 160. The message to the SMF 160 may comprise theEthernet packet filter set(s) information received from the (R)AN 105(e.g., at step 1913).

At step 1915 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the SMF 160 may send, to the UPF110, a message (e.g., N4 session modification request) requesting asession modification. If PCC is not supported and/or if there is no PCFin the network, the SMF 160 may make one or more policy decisions, forexample, based on the information received from the AMF 155 (e.g.,Ethernet packet filter set(s) information), subscription information,and/or other information. The SMF 160 may create a service data flowtemplate for one or more policy rules, for example, based on theEthernet packet filter set(s) information received from the AMF 155. TheSMF 160 may initiate an N4 session establishment procedure with the UPF110, for example, if the N4 session for the PDU session was notpreviously established. The SMF 160 may initiate an N4 sessionmodification procedure with the UPF 110, for example, if the N4 sessionfor the PDU session was previously established. The SMF 160 may provideAN tunnel information and/or CN tunnel information. It may be necessaryfor the SMF 160 to provide the CN tunnel information, for example, ifthe SMF 160 selected CN tunnel information. The SMF 160 may include oneor more policies for the PDU session in the message requesting thesession modification. The SMF 160 may include, with the one or morepolicies for the PDU session, the Ethernet packet filter set(s)information that may be received from the PCF 135.

At step 1916 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the UPF 110 may send, to the SMF160, a message (e.g., N4 session modification response) responding to asession modification request (e.g., at step 1915). The UPF 110 mayprovide a N4 session establishment and/or modification response to theSMF 160. The UPF 110 may perform, using the Ethernet packet filterset(s) information, service flow detection and/or policy enforcement,for example, after and/or upon receiving a user plane data packet.

At step 1917 (in FIGS. 19A and 19B), the SMF 160 may send, to the AMF155 a message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response)responding to a request for session information (e.g., at step 1914).The message may comprise cause information. After this step, the AMF 155may forward relevant events to the SMF 160, for example, at a handoverwhere the (R)AN tunnel information may change and/or if the AMF 155 isrelocated.

FIGS. 20A and 20B show examples of service request procedures. Awireless device 100 may initiate a service request procedure for anEthernet type PDU session. FIG. 20A shows service request proceduresthat may involve a PCF (e.g., PCF 135). FIG. 20B shows service requestprocedures that may not involve a PCF (e.g., PCF 135). Steps 2001-2023in FIG. 20A correspond to steps 2001-2023, respectively, in FIG. 20B,unless otherwise indicated.

At step 2001 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the wireless device 100 may send,to the (R)AN 105, a message requesting a service. The message may be anAN message. The message may comprise one or more of: AN parametersand/or an MM NAS service request (e.g., PDU session(s) to be activated,security parameters, and/or PDU session status). The AN parameters maycomprise an establishment cause (e.g., for an NG-RAN). The establishmentcause may provide a reason for requesting the establishment of an RRCconnection. The wireless device 100 may send a NAS service requestmessage, destined to the AMF 155, and/or encapsulated in an RRC messageto the (R)AN 105. One or more RRC messages may be used to send a 5G-GUTIand/or the NAS message. The message to the (R)AN 105 requesting aservice may comprise one or more of: the Ethernet packet filter sets fora PDU session (e.g., indicated by a PDU session ID), and/or Ethernetpacket filter set(s) on a per wireless device basis (e.g., which may beindicated by one or more wireless device identities), on a per datanetwork basis (e.g., which may be an APN indicated by a DNN), and/or ona per network slice basis (e.g., which may be indicated by one or moreS-NSSAI). The Ethernet packet filter set may comprise one or more of: asource MAC address and/or a destination MAC address; Ethertype (e.g., asset forth in IEEE 802.3); C-TAG and/or S-TAG VID fields (e.g., as setforth in IEEE 802.1Q); C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP and/or DEI fields (e.g.,as set forth in IEEE 802.1Q); and/or IP packet filter set (e.g., ifEthertype indicates an IPv4 payload and/or an IPv6 payload). The IPpacket filter set may comprise one or more of: source IP address,destination IP address, and/or prefix (e.g., for IPv6); source portnumber and/or destination port number; protocol ID of the protocol aboveIP and/or a next header type; type of service (e.g., for IPv4), trafficclass (e.g., for IPv6), and/or mask; flow label (e.g., for IPv6); andsecurity parameter index.

At step 2002 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the (R)AN 105 may send, to the AMF155, a message requesting service. The message may be an N2 message. Themessage may comprise N2 parameters and/or an MM NAS service request. The(R)AN 105 may include, in the message requesting service, the Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information received from the wireless device 100(e.g., at step 2001). The N2 parameters may comprise one or more of:5G-GUTI (e.g., for an NG-RAN), location information, RAT type, and/orestablishment cause. The AMF 155 may initiate (e.g., based on the PDUsession status) a PDU session release procedure for the PDU sessionsassociated with the PDU session ID(s) that may be indicated by thewireless device 100 as not being available.

At step 2003 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF160, a message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request)requesting information. The message may comprise one or more of: PDUsession ID, cause information, wireless device location information,and/or access type. The AMF 155 may send, to the SMF 160, the Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information received from the (R)AN 105. The AMF155 may send the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information with themessage requesting information. The Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContextrequest procedure may be invoked, for example, if the wireless device100 identifies one or more PDU sessions that are to be activated in theMM NAS Service Request message.

At step 2004 (in FIG. 20A), the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, amessage (e.g., Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Get) requesting policy controlinformation. The SMF 160 may invoke the Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Getoperation to obtain one or more policies for one or more PDU sessions,after or in response to receiving the message from the AMF 155 in step2003. The SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, the Ethernet packet filterset(s) information received from the AMF 155. The SMF 160 may send theEthernet packet filter set(s) information with the message requestingpolicy control information. While step 2004 is additionally shown inFIG. 20B for reference, this step may not be performed in FIG. 20B, forexample, if the PCF 135 is not used for this step. For example, in FIG.20B, the SMF 160 may determine or obtain one or more policies withoutcommunicating with a PCF. Step 2004 may be omitted, for example, if PCCis not supported and/or if there is no PCF in the network. The SMF 160may make one or more policy decisions, for example, based on theinformation received from the AMF 155 (e.g., Ethernet packet filterset(s) information), subscription information, and/or other information.The SMF 160 may create the service data flow template for the one ormore policy rules, for example, based on the Ethernet packet filterset(s) information received from the AMF 155.

At step 2005 (in FIG. 20A), the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, amessage (e.g., Nsmf_EventExposure_Subscribe) responding to a request forpolicy control information. The PCF 135 may perform one or more steps,for example, after or in response to receiving the message from the SMF160. The PCF 135 may make one or more policy decisions, for example,based on the information received from the SMF 160 (e.g., Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information), subscription information, and/orother information. The PCF may create the service data flow template forthe one or more policy rules, for example, based on the Ethernet packetfilter set(s) information received from the SMF 160. The PCF 135 maysend, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g., a policy response) comprising oneor more of: a QoS policy for the PDU session(s); a charging policy forthe PDU session(s); traffic steering control for steering traffic;and/or other policies. The PCF 135 may send, with the message providingone or more policies, the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information. ThePCF 135 may subscribe one or more event(s) in the SMF 160, for example,by invoking the Nsmf_EventExposure_Subscribe operation. While step 2005is additionally shown in FIG. 20B for reference, this step may not beperformed in FIG. 20B, for example, if the PCF 135 is not used for thisstep. For example, in FIG. 20B, the SMF 160 may determine or obtain oneor more policies without communicating with a PCF. Step 2005 may beomitted, for example, if PCC is not supported and/or if there is no PCFin the network

At step 2006 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the SMF 160 may select a new UPF(e.g., new I-UPF 110-1) to act as an intermediate UPF for a PDU session.The SMF 160 may send, to the new I-UPF 110-1, a message (e.g., N4session establish request) requesting session establishment. The sessionestablishment request message may comprise information for packetdetection, data forwarding, enforcement, and/or reporting rules to beinstalled on the new I-UPF 110-1. The session establishment requestmessage may be sent with the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information.The PDU session anchor addressing information (e.g., on N9) for the PDUSession may be provided to the new I-UPF 110-1. The SMF 160 may includea data forwarding indication, for example, if a service request istriggered by the network and/or if a new I-UPF 110-1 is selected by theSMF 160 to replace the old I-UPF 110-2.

At step 2007 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the new UPF 110-1 may send, to theSMF 160, a message (e.g., N4 session establish response) responding to asession establishment request (e.g., at step 2006). The new I-UPF 110-1may provide CN DL tunnel information for a PSA UPF 110-3 (e.g., whichmay be acting as a PDU session anchor) and/or UL tunnel information(e.g., CN N3 tunnel information) to the SMF 160, for example, if the newI-UPF 110-1 allocates CN tunnel information. The new I-UPF 110-1 (e.g.,acting as an N3 terminating point) may send CN DL tunnel information tothe SMF 160 for the old I-UPF 110-2, for example, if a data forwardingindication is received by the new I-UPF 110-1. The new I-UPF 110-1 mayperform (e.g., based on the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information)service flow detection and/or policy enforcement, after and/or uponreceiving a user plane data packet.

At step 2008 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the SMF 160 may send, to the PSAUPF 110-3, a message (e.g., N4 session modification request) requestinga session modification. The SMF 160 may send an N4 session modificationrequest message to a PDU session anchor (PSA) (e.g., UPF 110-3), forexample, if the SMF 160 selects a new UPF to act as intermediate UPF forthe PDU session. The message requesting a session modification mayprovide the DL tunnel information from the new I-UPF 110-1. The SMF 160may send, to the PSA UPF 110-3, information for packet detection, dataforwarding, enforcement, and/or reporting rules. The SMF 160 may send(e.g., with the message requesting a session modification) the Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information to the PSA UPF 110-3. The PSA UPF 110-3may perform (e.g., based on the Ethernet packet filter set(s)information), service flow detection and/or policy enforcement, afterand/or upon receiving the user plane data packet.

At step 2009 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the PSA UPF 110-3 may send, to theSMF 160, a message (e.g., N4 session modification response) that mayrespond to a session modification request (e.g., at step 2008).

At step 2010 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the SMF 160 may send, to the oldI-UPF 110-2, a message (e.g., N4 session modification request)requesting a session modification. The message may comprise a new I-UPF110-1 address and/or a new I-UPF 110-1 DL tunnel ID. The SMF 160 maysend the N4 session modification request message to the old I-UPF 110-2,for example, if the service request is triggered by the network and/orif a new I-UPF 110-1 is selected by the SMF 160 to replace the old I-UPF110-2. The message requesting the session modification may provide theDL tunnel information from the new I-UPF 110-1, which may be acting asan N3 terminating point.

At step 2011 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the old I-UPF 110-2 may send, tothe SMF 160, a message (e.g., N4 session modification response)responding to a session modification request (e.g., at step 2010). Theold I-UPF 110-2 may forward its buffered data to the new I-UPF 110-1,which may be acting as N3 terminating point.

At step 2012 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the SMF 160 may send, to the AMF155, a message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response)responding to a message requesting information (e.g., at step 2003). Themessage responding to the request may comprise N1 SM information (e.g.,PDU session ID(s) and/or PDU session re-establishment indication), N2 SMinformation (e.g., PDU session ID(s), QoS profile(s), CN N3 tunnelinformation, and/or S-NSSAI), and/or cause information. The SMF 160 maydetermine whether UPF reallocation is performed, for example, after orin response to receiving a message (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request in step 2013) from the AMF 155and/or after determining that the message from the AMF 155 comprisescause information that includes an establishment of user planeresources. The SMF 160 may determine whether UPF relocation isperformed, for example, based on the wireless device 100 locationinformation, UPF service area, and/or one or more policies (e.g.,operator policies). The SMF 160 may generate N2 SM information and/orsend a response (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response) to theAMF 155 to establish the user plane(s), for example, for a PDU Sessionthat the SMF 160 has determined is still being served by the current UPF(e.g., the PSU UPF 110-3 and/or the old I-UPF 110-2). The N2 SMinformation may comprise information that the AMF 155 may provide to the(R)AN 105. The SMF 160 may send, via the AMF 155, a message (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response) comprising N1 SM informationfor the wireless device 100, for example, for a PDU session that the SMF160 may have determined to require a UPF relocation for the PSA-UPF110-3. The N1 SM information may comprise a corresponding PDU session IDand/or a PDU session re-establishment indication.

At step 2013 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the AMF 155 may send, to the (R)AN105, a request message (e.g., N2 request). The request message maycomprise one or more of: N2 SM information received from the SMF 160, asecurity context, an AMF signaling connection ID, a handover restrictionlist, an MM NAS service accept, a list of recommended cells, trackingareas (TAs), and/or NG-RAN node identifiers. The AMF 155 may include, inor with the request message, at least one N2 SM information from the SMF160, for example, if a procedure is triggered for PDU session user planeactivation.

At step 2014 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the (R)AN 105 and/or the wirelessdevice 100 may send one or more messages to the other for a connectionreconfiguration (e.g., RRC connection reconfiguration). The (R)AN 105may perform RRC connection reconfiguration with the wireless device 100,for example, based on one or more of: QoS information for the QoS flowsof the PDU sessions comprising activated UP connections, and/or dataradio bearers. The (R)AN 105 may forward an MM NAS service accept to thewireless device 100. The wireless device 100 may locally delete contextof PDU sessions that may not be available (e.g., that may not beavailable in the 5GC). The wireless device 100 may initiate (e.g., afterthe service request procedure is complete) PDU session re-establishmentfor such unavailable PDU session(s) and/or other PDU sessions, forexample, if the N1 SM information is present in the service acceptand/or indicates one or more PDU sessions should be re-established. Thewireless device 100 may send, to the (R)AN 105, a message comprising oneor more of: the Ethernet packet filter sets for a PDU session (e.g.,indicated by a PDU session ID) and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s) on aper wireless device basis (e.g., which may be indicated by one or morewireless device identities), on a per data network basis (e.g., whichmay be an APN indicated by a DNN), and/or on a per network slice basis(e.g., which may be indicated by one or more S-NSSAI). An Ethernetpacket filter set may comprise one or more of: a source MAC addressand/or a destination MAC address; an Ethertype (e.g., as set forth inIEEE 802.3); a C-TAG and/or S-TAG VID fields (e.g., as set forth in IEEE802.1Q); a C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP and/or DEI fields (e.g., as set forthin IEEE 802.1Q); and/or an IP packet filter set (e.g., if Ethertypeindicates an IPv4 payload and/or an IPv6 payload). The IP packet filterset may comprise one or more of: a source IP address, a destination IPaddress, and/or a prefix (e.g., for IPv6); a source port number and/or adestination port number; a protocol ID of the protocol above IP and/or anext header type; a type of service (e.g., for IPv4), a traffic class(e.g., for IPv6), and/or a mask; a flow label (e.g., for IPv6); and/or asecurity parameter index. The wireless device 100 may send the sameEthernet packet filter set(s) information as in step 2001. Additionallyor alternatively, the wireless device 100 may send updated Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information that may differ from the Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information send at step 2001. The (R)AN 105 mayuse the updated Ethernet packet filter set(s) information for one ormore steps.

At step 2015 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the (R)AN 105 may send, to the AMF155, a message (e.g., N2 request acknowledgment) acknowledging a request(e.g., at step 2013). The message acknowledging the request may compriseN2 SM information. The N2 SM information may comprise one or more of:RAN tunnel information, a list of accepted QoS flows for the PDUsessions having activated UP connections, and/or a list of rejected QoSflows for the PDU Sessions having activated UP connections. The (R)AN105 may include, in or with the message to the AMF 155 acknowledging therequest, the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information received from thewireless device 100 (e.g., at step 2001 and/or at step 2014).

At step 2016 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF160, a message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request)requesting information. The message may request the information (and/orupdated information) corresponding to the information requested at step2003. The message at step 2016 may request N2 SM information (e.g., RANtunnel information) and/or RAT type) per accepted PDU session. The AMF155 may include, in or with the message at step 2016, the Ethernetpacket filter set(s) information received from the (R)AN 105 (e.g., atstep 2002 and/or step 2015).

At step 2017 (in FIG. 20A), the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, amessage (e.g., Nsmf_EventExposure_Notify) reporting one or more events.The SMF 160 may invoke, for example, the Nsmf_EventExposure_Notifyservice operation, to report one or more events to the PCF 135 that mayhave been previously subscribed. While step 2017 is additionally shownin FIG. 20B for reference, this step may not be performed in FIG. 20B,for example, if the PCF 135 is not used for this step. For example, inFIG. 20B, the SMF 150 may determine one or more policies withoutcommunicating with a PCF. Step 2017 may be omitted, for example, if PCCis not supported and/or if there is no PCF in the network.

At step 2018 (in FIG. 20A), the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, amessage (e.g., Npcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify) updating one or morepolicies. The PCF 135 may provide one or more updated policies to theSMF 160 by invoking the Npcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify serviceoperation. The PCF 135 may provide an authorized session-AMBR and/or anauthorized 5QI and/or ARP to the SMF 160. The PCF 135 may provide theone or more policies with the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information.While step 2018 is additionally shown in FIG. 20B for reference, thisstep may not be performed in FIG. 20B, for example, if the PCF 135 isnot used for this step. For example, in FIG. 20B, the SMF 160 maydetermine one or more policies without communicating with a PCF. Step2018 may be omitted, for example, if PCC is not supported and/or ifthere is no PCF in the network. The SMF 160 may make one or more policydecisions, for example, based on information received from the AMF 155(e.g., Ethernet packet filter set(s) information), subscriptioninformation, and/or other information. The SMF 160 may create theservice data flow template for one or more policy rules based on theEthernet packet filter set(s) information received from the AMF 155.

At step 2019 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the SMF 160 may send, to the newUPF 110-1, a message (e.g., N4 session modification request) requestinga session modification. The SMF 160 may initiate an N4 sessionmodification procedure and/or provides RAN tunnel information, forexample, if the SMF 160 selected a new UPF (e.g., the new I-UPF 110-1)to act as intermediate UPF for the PDU session. The SMF 160 may provideinformation for one or more rules for packet detection, data forwarding,enforcement, and/or reporting rules to be installed on the new I-UPF110-1. The SMF 160 may include the information for the one or more rulesin or with the Ethernet packet filter set(s) information.

At step 2020 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the new I-UPF 110-1 may send, tothe SMF 160, a message (e.g., N4 session modification response)responding to a session modification request (e.g., at step 2019). Themessage at step 2020 may comprise information (and/or updatedinformation) corresponding to the information provided by the message atstep 1916.

At step 2021 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the SMF 160 may send, to the AMF155, a message (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response)responding to a request for session information (e.g., at step 2016).The message may comprise cause information.

At step 2022 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the SMF 160 and/or the new I-UPF110-1 may send one or more messages to the other for a sessionmodification (e.g., N4 session modification). The SMF 160 may send an N4session modification request to new I-UPF 110-1 (which may be acting asan N3 terminating point to release a forwarding tunnel), for example, ifthe forwarding tunnel has been established and/or if a timer SMF 160 mayhave set for the forwarding tunnel has expired. The new I-UPF 110-1 mayrespond to the SMF 160 by sending an N4 session modification response.

At step 2023 (in FIGS. 20A and 20B), the SMF 160 and/or the old I-UPF110-2 may send one or more messages to the other for a sessionmodification and/or release (e.g., N4 session modification and/orrelease). The SMF 160 may send to the old I-UPF 110-2 an N4 sessionmodification request providing (R)AN tunnel information, for example, ifthe SMF 160 determined to continue using the old I-UPF 110-2 before step2006. The SMF 160 may initiate a resource release by sending an N4session release request (e.g., release cause) to the old I-UPF 110-2,for example, if the SMF 160 determined to select a new UPF to act asintermediate UPF before step 2006 and/or if the old I-UPF 110-2 is notPSA UPF.

FIG. 21 shows an Ethernet over wireless communications procedure thatmay be performed, in whole or in part, by one or more computing devices.As examples, the procedure shown in FIG. 21 may be performed by asession management function (e.g., the SMF 160). Additionally oralternatively, at least some of the procedure shown in FIG. 21 may beperformed by a policy control function (e.g., PCF 135), a wirelessdevice (e.g., wireless device 100), and/or a data network (e.g., DN115). Any other computing device may perform one or more portions of theprocedures shown in FIG. 21 for Ethernet over wireless communications.

At step 2101, a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device 100) maysend, to a session management function (e.g., the SMF 160) one or moremessages comprising one or more Ethernet packet filter sets. TheEthernet packet filter sets may comprise one or more of a source MACaddress, a destination MAC address, an Ethertype, a virtual local areanetwork tag, and/or an IP packet filter set. The Ethernet packet filterset may be associated with one or more of: a PDU session, the wirelessdevice, a data network, and/or a network slice. The wireless device maysend the one or more messages to an access network (e.g., the (R)AN105), to one or more base stations, and/or to an access and mobilitymanagement function (e.g., the AMF 155). The access network may send theone or more messages to the session management function (e.g., via auser plane function such as the UPF 110) and/or the access and mobilitymanagement function. The access and mobility management function maysend the one or more messages to the session management function. Thesession management function may receive the one or more messages.

At step 2102, a computing device (e.g., a session management function)may determine whether the one or more Ethernet packet filter setscomprise a request for an Ethernet type PDU session. The computingdevice may make such a determination based on an Ethertype in theEthernet packet filter sets. If the computing device determines that atleast one of the Ethernet packet filter sets is not associated with arequest for an Ethernet type PDU session, the procedure may continue tostep 2103. If the computing device determines that at least one of theEthernet packet filter sets is associated with a request for an Ethernettype PDU session, the procedure may continue to step 2106.

At step 2103, the computing device (e.g., a session management function)may determine whether to redirect the wireless device. For example, ifthe one or more messages from step 2101 indicate a type of service thatis not supported for the wireless device (e.g., based on one or morepolicies or an availability of one or more applications), the computingdevice may send a message to the wireless device indicating one or moreoptions for the wireless device to obtain support for the type ofservice (e.g., updating one or more policies to include a registrationof one or more services associated with the type, or identifying anothercomputing device that may provide services for the type). If thecomputing device determines to redirect the wireless device (e.g., basedon an indication from the wireless device requesting redirection), atstep 2104, the computing device may redirect the wireless device to anoffer for initiating service of the type of service not presentlysupported for the wireless device. If the computing device determinesnot to redirect the wireless device (e.g., based on a timer expirationor receiving an indication from the wireless device decliningredirection), at step 2105, the computing device may discard theEthernet packet filter set(s) associated with the type that is notsupported for the wireless device. After step 2104 and/or step 2105, theprocedure may end.

At step 2106, the computing device (e.g., a session management function)may determine an application and/or service for Ethernet over wirelesscommunications for the wireless device, for example, if a type of asession request associated indicated by the one or more messages isconfirmed, at step 2102, to be an Ethernet type. The computing devicemay determine at least one policy rule (e.g., a QoS rule), one or moreparameters for the at least one policy rule (e.g., QoS parameters),and/or a policy decision (e.g., whether QoS is satisfied), based on theone or more Ethernet packet filter sets. The computing device maydetermine an application and/or type of service based on a MAC address(e.g., a destination MAC address and/or a source MAC address) in the oneor more Ethernet packet filter sets. The destination MAC address mayindicate an application server that may be associated with a one or moreapplications and/or services. The source MAC address may indicate alocation and/or a profile associated with the wireless device that mayindicate one or more applications and/or services.

At step 2107, the computing device (e.g., a session management function)may apply a first policy. The first policy may comprise one or morerules. A rule may be a policy rule (e.g., a rule associated with apolicy), a charging rule (e.g., a rule associated with a chargingpolicy), or a policy and charging rule (e.g., a policy and chargingcontrol rule (PCC)). A policy rule may comprise, for example, one ormore of a: quality of service (QoS) rule, a gating rule, a trafficdetection rule, a traffic steering control rule, and/or any other rulethat may be associated with a user, device, and/or service. A QoS rulemay be based on one or more priority levels (e.g., high priority, lowpriority, or any other level of priority). A priority level may beassociated with a particular value or range of values for a bandwidth,latency, and/or allowance and retention (ARP). A gating rule may bebased on a packet type (e.g., Ethertype) or a service access level(e.g., user and/or device authorization to access one or more servicesusing Ethernet over wireless communications). A traffic detection rulemay be based on a determination of whether signal traffic that may beassociated with an Ethernet PDU session may be satisfied for a requestfor the Ethernet PDU session. The traffic detection rule may comprisedetecting a service flow based on receiving a user plane data packet. Atraffic steering control rule may comprise directing traffic associatedwith an Ethernet PDU session for optimal network performance.

At step 2108, the computing device (e.g., a session management functionand/or a user plane function) may determine whether the first policy issatisfied. For example, based on whether the first policy is satisfied(e.g., a gating rule), the computing device may allow or discardpackets. If the first policy is not satisfied, the procedure maycontinue to step 2103 described above. If the first policy is satisfied,the procedure may continue to step 2109.

At step 2109, the computing device (e.g., a session management function,a policy control function, and/or a user plane function) may determineone or more second policies to apply to the Ethernet packet filterset(s). The one or more second policies may comprise one or more rules,such as a policy rule, a charging rule, and/or a PCC. The one or moresecond policies may comprise for example, one or more of a: quality ofservice (QoS) rule, a gating rule, a traffic detection rule, a trafficsteering control rule, and/or any other rule that may be associated witha user, device, and/or service, such as described above regarding step2107. The one or more second policies may comprise at least one chargingrule (e.g., a PCC). A charging rule may be associated with charging(e.g., online charging, offline charging, and/or converged charging)associated with a particular user, device, and/or group of users and/ordevices. Charging information may be based on one or more ratings (e.g.,cost-per-service associated with one or more users and/or devices)and/or addresses (e.g., source MAC address of the wireless device and/ordestination MAC address of an application server associated with theservice requested by the wireless device). The computing device maystore and/or maintain at least some information about one or morecharging rules that may be associated with a wireless device.Additionally or alternatively, the computing device (e.g., a sessionmanagement function) may obtain one or more charging rules and/orupdates to one or more charging rules from a second computing device(e.g., a policy control function such as the PCF 135).

At step 2110, the computing device (e.g., a session management function)may determine whether the one or more second policies requires anupdated policy. If at least one of the one or more second policiesrequire an update (e.g., based on the computing device not having atleast one of the one or more second policies and/or not having a recentversion of at least one of the one or more second policies), theprocedure may continue to step 2111. If at least one of the one or moresecond policies do not require an update, the procedure may continue tostep 2113.

At step 2111, the computing device (e.g., a session management function)may send a request for one or more updated policies. The computingdevice may send the request to a second computing device (e.g., a policycontrol function). The request for one or more updated policies maycomprise a request for a policy and charging control rule and/or the oneor more Ethernet packet filter sets for a data flow. The computingdevice (e.g., a session management function) may send a message to athird computing device (e.g., a user plane function such as UPF 110)comprising the one or more Ethernet packet filter sets for the data flowand/or one or more parameters indicating a policy rule. The message tothe third computing device (e.g., a user plane function) may comprise arequest to establish a user plane session.

At step 2112, the computing device (e.g., a session management function)may receive, from the second computing device (e.g., a policy controlfunction), a response message comprising one or more updated policies.The one or more updated policies may comprise at least one chargingpolicy (e.g., a PCC) corresponding to the requested policy and chargingcontrol rule. The computing device (e.g., a session management function)may send the one or more updated policies to the third computing device(e.g., a user plane function). The computing device (e.g., a sessionmanagement function) may receive from the third computing device (e.g.,a user plane function) a message indicating that the third computingdevice has received the message from the computing device. The messagefrom the third computing device (e.g., a user plane function) maycomprise a user plane data packet. The third computing device (e.g., auser plane function) may enforce the policy rule and/or the policy andcharging control rule sent at step 2111, for example, based on qualityof service parameters associated with information in the one or moreEthernet packet filter sets.

At step 2113, the computing device (e.g., a user plane function and/or asession management function) may apply the one or more second policiesto the Ethernet packet filter set(s). For example, the computing devicemay provide for an Ethernet PDU session requested by the wireless deviceto the extent the request complies with the policy rules of the one ormore second policies, and/or the computing device may associate charginginformation with the Ethernet PDU session requested by the wirelessdevice.

At step 2114, the computing device (e.g., a user plane function, anaccess network, and/or a session management function) may send and/orreceive data packets associated with the Ethernet PDU session requestedby the wireless device. The wireless device may receive the data packetsassociated with the Ethernet PDU session requested by the wirelessdevice. After step 2114, the Ethernet PDU session requested by thewireless device may end and the procedure shown in FIG. 21 may end.

FIG. 22 shows an example of procedures involving a network exposurefunction (NEF) in which a data network (DN) may send, to an NEF, one ormore Ethernet packet filter set(s) information, wireless deviceidentities and/or identifiers, and/or addresses (e.g., source MACaddresses and/or destination MAC addresses).

At step 2201, the DN 115 may send, to the NEF 125, a first message(e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses provision). The first message may compriseone or more Ethernet MAC addresses. Additionally or alternatively, thefirst message may comprise one or more of: wireless device identitiesand/or identifiers (e.g., wireless device NAI, SUPI, 5G-GUTI, and/orother identifiers); data network name (DNN) and/or an APN; PDU sessionID(s); S-NSSAI (e.g., indicating a network slice); and/or Ethernetpacket filter sets per wireless device (e.g., which may be indicated byone or more wireless device identities), per data network (e.g., whichmay be an APN indicated by a DNN), per network slice (e.g., which may beindicated by an S-NSSAI); and/or per PDU session (e.g., which may beindicated by a PDU session ID). An Ethernet packet filter set maycomprise one or more of: a source MAC address and/or a destination MACaddress; an Ethertype (e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.3); Customer-VLANtag (C-TAG) and/or Service-VLAN tag (S-TAG) VID fields (e.g., as setforth in IEEE 802.1Q); C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP and/or DEI fields (e.g.,as set forth in IEEE 802.1Q); and IP packet filter set (e.g., ifEthertype indicates an IPv4 payload and/or an IPv6 payload). An IPpacket filter set may comprise one or more of: a source IP address, adestination IP address, and/or a prefix (e.g., for IPv6); a source portnumber and/or a destination port number; a protocol ID of the protocolabove IP and/or a next header type; a type of service (e.g., for IPv4),a traffic class (e.g., for IPv6), and/or mask; a flow label (e.g., forIPv6); and/or a security parameter index.

At step 2202, the NEF 125 may perform one or more steps, for example,after or in response to receiving the first message from the DN 115. TheNEF 125 may select an SMF (e.g., the SMF 160). The NEF 125 may select anSMF by using an NRF, for example, by providing one or more of thefollowing information, that may be received from the DN 115, to the NRF:wireless device identity and/or identifier; data network name (DNN); PDUsession ID; and/or S-NSSAI. The NEF 125 may send, to a selected SMF(e.g., the SMF 160), a second message (e.g., Ethernet MAC addressesprovision). The second message may comprise some or all of theinformation in the first message received from the DN 115 at step 2201.

At step 2203, the SMF 160 may send, to the NEF 125, a third message(e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response). The SMF 160 may storeinformation received from the second message (e.g., MAC addresses and/orEthernet packet filter set(s) information) and/or send to the NEF 125the third message (e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response) after or inresponse to receiving the second message from the NEF 125 at step 2202.

At step 2204, the NEF 125 may send, to the DN 115, a fourth message(e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response). The NEF 125 may send to the DN115 the fourth message (e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response), forexample, after or in response to receiving the third message from theSMF 160 at step 2203. The fourth message may comprise some or all of theinformation in the third message received from the SMF 160 at step 2203.

Steps 2201-2204 may occur at any time, including at a time that may ormay not be associated with steps 2205-2221. For example, steps 2201-2204may occur periodically, as part of a procedure to initiatecommunications with the DN 115 and/or any device, as part of a procedureto configure one or more devices for communications in a network, aspart of a procedure to provide network updates, and/or as part of anyother procedure.

At step 2205, a wireless device 100 may send, to the AMF 155, a message(e.g., PDU session establishment request) requesting establishment of asession. The session may comprise an Ethernet type PDU session (e.g.,Ethernet over wireless communications). The wireless device 100 mayinitiate a PDU session establishment procedure, for example, by sendingto an AMF 155 an NAS Message. The NAS message may comprise one or moreof: an S-NSSAI, a DNN, a PDU session ID, a request type, and/or an N1 SMcontainer. The N1 SM container may comprise a PDU session establishmentrequest. The NAS Message and/or an N1 SM container may comprise one ormore wireless device identities and/or identifiers (e.g., SUPI, 5G-GUTI,and/or others). The wireless device 100 may initiate the wireless devicerequested PDU session establishment procedure, for example, by thetransmission of a NAS message containing a PDU session establishmentrequest within an N1 SM container. The PDU session establishment requestmay comprise one or more of: a PDU type (e.g., Ethernet), an SSC mode,protocol configuration options, and/or a PDU session ID that may begenerated by the wireless device 100.

At step 2206, the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Namf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext) for a session. The AMF 155 may performone or more steps, for example, after or in response to receiving themessage at step 2205. The AMF 155 may select an SMF (e.g., the SMF 160).The AMF 155 may select an SMF (e.g., SMF 160) using an NRF, for example,by providing one or more of the following information, that may bereceived from the wireless device 100, to the NRF: wireless deviceidentity and/or identifier; data network name (DNN); PDU session ID;and/or S-NSSAI. The NRF may select an SMF based on information that theNRF receives from the AMF 155, which may comprise the same informationthat the AMF 155 received from the wireless device 100 (e.g., at step2206). The NRF may select an SMF based on the same NRF selectionprocedure in step 2202. The NRF may select an SMF based on a comparisonof information the NRF received from the AMF 155 (e.g., at step 2206)with information the NRF received from the NEF 125 (e.g., at step 2202).The AMF 155 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Namf_PDUSession_CreateSMRequest) comprising one or more of: a SUPI, aDNN, a S-NSSAI, a PDU session ID, an AMF ID, a request type, an N1 SMcontainer (e.g., PDU session establishment request), user and/or devicelocation information, an access type, and/or a PEI. The N1 SM containermay comprise a PDU session establishment request.

At step 2207, the SMF 160 and/or the UDM 140 may send one or moremessages to the other, for example, for a subscription retrieval. TheSMF 160 may correlate, compare, and/or map information received from theAMF 155 (e.g., at step 2206) with information received from the NEF 125(e.g., at step 2202), for example, after or in response to receiving themessage from the AMF 155. The SMF 160 may correlate and/or compareaddresses and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s) that may have beenreceived from the NEF 125, with one or more of the following informationthat may have been received from the AMF 155: wireless device identitiesand/or identifiers; data network name (DNN); PDU session ID; and/orS-NSSAI. The SMF 160 may register with the UDM 140, for example, if theSMF 160 has not yet registered and/or if subscription data is notavailable. The SMF 160 may retrieve subscription data. The SMF 160 maysubscribe to be notified, for example, if subscription data is modified.The SMF 160 may select a UPF and/or trigger a PDU session establishmentauthentication and/or authorization, for example, if the SMF 160 may berequired to perform secondary authorization and/or authentication at anestablishment (e.g., by a DN-AAA server) of a PDU session.

At step 2208, the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, a message (e.g.,Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Get) requesting policy control information. The SMF160 may invoke an operation (e.g., Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Get) toestablish a PDU session with the PCF 135 and/or to obtain policy,charging, and/or PCC rules for the PDU session. The message requestingpolicy control information may comprise one or more of: informationreceived from the AMF 155 (e.g., at step 2205), and/or Ethernet packetfilter set(s) information per the PDU session (e.g., indicated by a PDUsession ID), per wireless device (e.g., which may be indicated by one ormore wireless identities and/or identifiers), per data network (e.g.,which may be an APN indicated by a DNN), and/or per network slice (e.g.,which may be indicated by an S-NSSAI).

At step 2209, the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Nsmf_EventExposure_Subscribe). The PCF 135 may perform one or moresteps, for example, after or in response to receiving the message fromthe SMF 160 (e.g., at step 2208). The PCF 135 may determine one or morepolicy decisions. The one or more policy decisions may be based oninformation received from the SMF 160 (e.g., Ethernet packet filterset(s) information), subscription information, and/or other information.The PCF 135 may create a service data flow template for one or morepolicy rules, for example, based on Ethernet packet filter set(s)information received from the SMF 160 (e.g., at step 2206). The PCF 135may send to the SMF 160 a message (e.g., policy response) comprising oneor more of: a QoS policy for the PDU session; a charging policy for thePDU session; traffic steering control for steering traffic; and/or otherpolicies. The PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, the Ethernet packetfilter set(s) information with one or more policies. The PCF 135 maysubscribe one or more event in the SMF 160, for example, by invoking theNsmf_EventExposure_Subscribe operation.

At step 2210, the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Nsmf_EventExposure_Notify) reporting one or more events. The SMF 160 mayinvoke the Nsmf_EventExposure_Notify service operation, for example, toreport one or more events to the PCF 135 that has been previouslysubscribed.

At step 2211, the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, a message (e.g.,Npcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify) providing information. Theinformation may comprise policy information, charging information,and/or PCC information. The PCF 135 may provide one or more updatedpolicies to the SMF 160 by invoking theNpcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify service operation. The PCF 135 mayprovide authorized session-AMBR and/or authorized 5QI and/or ARP to theSMF 160.

At step 2212, the SMF 160 may send, to the UPF 110, a message (e.g., N4session establish and/or modification request) requesting sessionestablishment and/or modification. The SMF 160 may initiate an N4session establishment procedure with the selected UPF 110, for example,if a request type indicates an initial request and/or if a PDU sessionestablishment authentication and/or authorization was not previouslyperformed. The SMF 160 may initiate an N4 session modification procedurewith the selected UPF 110, for example, if a request type does notindicate an initial request and/or if a PDU session establishmentauthentication and/or authorization was previously performed. The SMF160 may send an N4 session establishment and/or modification request tothe UPF 110. The SMF 160 may provide packet detection, enforcement,and/or reporting rules that may be installed on the UPF 110 for the PDUSession. The SMF 160 may provide the Ethernet packet filter set(s)information with or in one or more message for the packet detection,enforcement, and/or reporting rules. The CN tunnel information may beprovided to the UPF 110 in this step, for example, if CN tunnelinformation is allocated by the SMF 160.

At step 2213, the UPF 110 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g., N4session establish/modification response) responding to a sessionestablish and/or modification request (e.g., at step 2212). The UPF 110may acknowledge the SMF 160 by sending an N4 session establishmentand/or modification response. The CN tunnel information may be providedto the SMF 160 in this step, for example, if CN tunnel information isallocated by the UPF 110. The UPF 110 may perform service flow detectionand/or policy enforcement using Ethernet packet filter set(s)information, for example, after or upon receiving a user plane datapacket. The message responding to the session establish and/ormodification request may comprise Ethernet packet filter set(s)information.

At step 2214, the SMF 160 may send, to the AMF 155, a message (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSM response) for a session. The message at step2214 may respond to the message at step 2206. The message for thesession may comprise one or more of: cause information, N2 SMinformation (e.g., PDU session ID, QoS profile(s), CN tunnelinformation, S-NSSAI, and/or session-AMBR), and/or an N1 SM container(e.g., a PDU session establishment accept. The PDU session establishmentaccept may comprise one or more of: a QoS rule, an SSC mode, an S-NSSAI,allocated address (e.g., for IPv4), and/or session-AMBR. The N2 SMinformation may comprise information that the AMF 155 may forward to the(R)AN 105, which may comprise CN tunnel information corresponding to aCore Network address of the N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDU session.The QoS profile may provide the (R)AN 105 with the mapping between QoSparameters and QoS flow identifiers. Multiple QoS profiles may beprovided to the (R)AN 105. The PDU session ID may be used by ANsignaling (e.g., with the wireless device 100) to indicate to thewireless device 100 an association between an AN resource and a PDUsession for the wireless device 100.

At step 2215, the AMF 155 may send, to the (R)AN 105, a message (e.g.,N2 PDU session request) requesting a session. (N2 SM information, NASmessage (PDU Session ID, N1 SM container (PDU session establishmentaccept))). The AMF 155 may send the NAS message containing PDU SessionID and PDU session establishment accept targeted to the wireless device100 and the N2 SM information received from the SMF 160 within the N2PDU session request to the (R)AN 105.

At step 2216, the (R)AN 105 and/or the wireless device 100 may send oneor more messages to the other for an AN resource setup. The (R)AN 105may issue an AN specific signaling exchange with the wireless device100. The AN specific signaling exchange may be related to informationreceived from SMF 160 (e.g., at steps 2214 and/or 2215). For example, aconnection reconfiguration (e.g., an RRC connection reconfiguration fora 3GPP RAN) may be performed. The wireless device 100 may establish thenecessary RAN resources related to QoS rules for the PDU sessionrequest. The (R)AN 105 may allocate (R)AN N3 tunnel information for thePDU session. The (R)AN 105 may forward a NAS message and/or one or moreof a: PDU session ID and/or an N1 SM container (e.g., PDU sessionestablishment accept). The (R)AN 105 may provide the NAS message to thewireless device 100, for example, if the necessary RAN resources havebeen established and/or if the allocation of (R)AN tunnel informationhas been successful.

At step 2217, the (R)AN 105 may send, to the AMF 155, a message (e.g.,N2 PDU session response) responding to a session request (e.g., at step2215). The message responding to the session request may comprise one ormore of: a PDU session ID, cause information, and/or N2 SM information.The N2 SM information may comprise one or more of: a PDU session ID,(R)AN tunnel information, and/or a list of accepted and/or rejected QoSprofiles. The (R)AN tunnel information may correspond to the accessnetwork address of an N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDU session.

At step 2218, the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext Request) requesting information. Themessage requesting information may comprise N2 SM information. The AMF155 may forward N2 SM information received from the (R)AN 105 (e.g., atstep 2217) to the SMF 160.

At step 2219, the SMF 160 may send, to the UPF 110, a message (e.g., N4session modification request) requesting a session modification. The SMF160 may perform one or more actions, for example, after or in responseto receiving the message at step 2218. The SMF 160 may initiate an N4session establishment procedure with the UPF 110, for example, if the N4session for the PDU session was not previously established. The SMF 160may initiate an N4 session modification procedure with the UPF 110, forexample, if the N4 session for this PDU session was previouslyestablished. The SMF 160 may provide AN tunnel information and CN tunnelinformation. The CN tunnel information may be required to be provided,for example, if the SMF 160 selected CN tunnel information. The messagerequesting a session modification may comprise one or more policies forthe PDU session. The Ethernet packet filter set(s) information may beincluded in or with the one or more policies.

At step 2220, the UPF 110 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g., N4session modification response) responding to a session modificationrequest (e.g., received at step 2219). The UPF 110 may provide an N4session establishment and/or modification response to the SMF 160. TheUPF may perform the service flow detection and policy enforcement usingEthernet packet filter set (s) information, for example, after or uponreceiving a user plane data packet.

At step 2221, the SMF 160 may send, to the AMF 155, a message (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response) responding to a request forinformation (e.g., received at step 2218). The message at step 2221 maycomprise cause information. After step 2221, the AMF 155 may forward oneor more relevant events to the SMF 160, for example, at handover, if the(R)AN tunnel information changes, and/or if the AMF 155 is relocated.

FIG. 23 shows an example of procedures involving a session managementfunction (SMF) in which a data network (DN) may send, to an SMF, one ormore Ethernet packet filter set(s) information, wireless deviceidentities and/or identifiers, and/or addresses (e.g., source MACaddresses and/or destination MAC addresses).

At step 2301, the DN 115 may perform one or more of the following steps.The DN 115 may select an SMF (e.g., the SMF 160). The DN 115 may selectan SMF using an NRF, for example, by providing one or more of thefollowing information to the NRF: wireless device identity and/oridentifier (e.g., NAI, SUPI, 5G-GUTI); data network name (DNN) and/or anAPN; PDU session ID; and/or S-NSSAI (e.g., which may indicate a networkslice). The DN 115 may send, to the SMF 160, a first message (e.g.,Ethernet MAC addresses provision). The first message may comprise one ormore Ethernet MAC addresses. Additionally or alternatively, the firstmessage may comprise one or more of: wireless device identities and/oridentifiers (e.g., wireless device NAI, SUPI, 5G-GUTI, and/or otheridentifiers); data network name (DNN) and/or an APN; PDU session ID(s);S-NSSAI (e.g., indicating a network slice); and/or Ethernet packetfilter sets per wireless device (e.g., which may be indicated by one ormore wireless device identities), per data network (e.g., which may bean APN indicated by a DNN), per network slice (e.g., which may beindicated by an S-NSSAI); and/or per PDU session (e.g., which may beindicated by a PDU session ID). An Ethernet packet filter set maycomprise one or more of: a source MAC address and/or a destination MACaddress; an Ethertype (e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.3); Customer-VLANtag (C-TAG) and/or Service-VLAN tag (S-TAG) VID fields (e.g., as setforth in IEEE 802.1Q); C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP and/or DEI fields (e.g.,as indicated in IEEE 802.1Q); and IP packet filter set (e.g., ifEthertype indicates an IPv4 payload and/or an IPv6 payload). An IPpacket filter set may comprise one or more of: a source IP address, adestination IP address, and/or a prefix (e.g., for IPv6); a source portnumber and/or a destination port number; a protocol ID of the protocolabove IP and/or a next header type; a type of service (e.g., for IPv4),a traffic class (e.g., for IPv6), and/or a mask; a flow label (e.g., forIPv6); and/or security parameter index.

At step 2302, the SMF 160 may send, to the DN 115, a second message(e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response). The SMF 160 may send to the DN115 the second message (e.g. Ethernet MAC addresses response), forexample, after or in response to receiving the first message from the DN115 (e.g., at step 2301).

Steps 2301-2302 may occur at any time, including at a time that may ormay not be associated with steps 2305-2321. For example, steps 2301-2302may occur periodically, as part of a procedure to initiatecommunications with the DN 115 and/or any device, as part of a procedureto configure one or more devices for communications in a network, aspart of a procedure to provide network updates, and/or as part of anyother procedure.

At step 2305, a wireless device 100 may send, to the AMF 155, a message(e.g., PDU session establishment request) requesting establishment of asession. The session may comprise an Ethernet type PDU session (e.g.,Ethernet over wireless communications). The wireless device 100 mayinitiate a PDU session establishment procedure, for example, by sendingto an AMF 155 an NAS Message. The NAS message may comprise one or moreof: an S-NSSAI, a DNN, a PDU session ID, a request type, and/or an N1 SMcontainer. The N1 SM container may comprise a PDU session establishmentrequest. The NAS Message and/or an N1 SM container may comprise one ormore wireless device identities and/or identifiers (e.g., SUPI, 5G-GUTI,and/or others). The wireless device 100 may initiate the wireless devicerequested PDU session establishment procedure, for example, by thetransmission of a NAS message containing a PDU session establishmentrequest within an N1 SM container. The PDU session establishment requestmay comprise one or more of: a PDU type (e.g., Ethernet), an SSC mode,protocol configuration options, and/or a PDU session ID that may begenerated by the wireless device 100.

At step 2306, the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Namf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext) for a session. The AMF 155 may performone or more steps, for example, after or in response to receiving themessage at step 2305. The AMF 155 may select an SMF (e.g., the SMF 160).The AMF 155 may select an SMF using an NRF, for example, by providingone or more of the following information, that may be received from thewireless device 100, to the NRF: wireless device identity and/oridentifier; data network name (DNN); PDU session ID; and/or S-NSSAI. TheNRF may select an SMF based on information that the NRF receives fromthe AMF 155, which may comprise the same information that the AMF 155received from the wireless device 100 (e.g., at step 2306). The NRF mayselect an SMF based on the same NRF selection procedure in step 2301.The NRF may select an SMF based on a comparison of information the NRFreceived from the AMF 155 (e.g., at step 2306) with information the NRFreceived from the DN 115 (e.g., at step 2301). The AMF 155 may send, tothe SMF 160, a message (e.g., Namf_PDUSession_CreateSMRequest)comprising one or more of: a SUPI, a DNN, a S-NSSAI, a PDU session ID,an AMF ID, a request type, an N1 SM container, a user locationinformation, an access type, and/or a PEI. The N1 SM container maycomprise a PDU session establishment request.

At step 2307, the SMF 160 and/or the UDM 140 may send one or moremessages to the other, for example, for a subscription retrieval. TheSMF 160 may correlate, compare, and/or map information received from theAMF 155 (e.g., at step 2306) with the information received from the DN115 (e.g., at step 2301), for example, after or in response to receivingthe message from the AMF 155. The SMF 160 may correlate and/or compareaddresses and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s) that may have beenreceived from the DN 115, with one or more of the following informationthat may have been received from the AMF 155: wireless device identitiesand/or identifiers; data network name (DNN); PDU session ID; and/orS-NSSAI. The SMF 160 may register with the UDM 140, for example, if theSMF 160 has not yet registered and/or if subscription data is notavailable. The SMF 160 may retrieve subscription data. The SMF 160 maysubscribe to be notified, for example, if subscription data is modified.The SMF 160 may select a UPF and/or trigger a PDU session establishmentauthentication and/or authorization, for example, if the SMF 160 may berequired to perform secondary authorization and/or authentication at anestablishment (e.g., by a DN-AAA server) of a PDU session.

Steps 2308-2321 correspond to steps 2208-2221, respectively, asdescribed above.

FIG. 24 shows an example of procedures involving an application function(AF) in which a data network (DN) may send, to an AF, one or moreEthernet packet filter set(s) information, wireless device identitiesand/or identifiers, and/or addresses (e.g., source MAC addresses and/ordestination MAC addresses).

At step 2401, the DN 115 may send to, the AF 145, a first message (e.g.,Ethernet MAC addresses provision). The first message may comprise one ormore Ethernet MAC addresses. Additionally or alternatively, the firstmessage may comprise one or more of: wireless device identities and/oridentifiers (e.g., wireless device NAI, SUPI, 5G-GUTI, and/or otheridentifiers); data network name (DNN) and/or an APN; PDU session ID(s);S-NSSAI (e.g., indicating a network slice); and/or Ethernet packetfilter sets per wireless device (e.g., which may be indicated by one ormore wireless device identities), per data network (e.g., which may bean APN indicated by a DNN), per network slice (e.g., which may beindicated by an S-NSSAI); and/or per PDU session (e.g., which may beindicated by a PDU session ID). An Ethernet packet filter set maycomprise one or more of: a source MAC address and/or a destination MACaddress; an Ethertype (e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.3); Customer-VLANtag (C-TAG) and/or Service-VLAN tag (S-TAG) VID fields (e.g., as setforth in IEEE 802.1Q); C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP and/or DEI fields (e.g.,as indicated in IEEE 802.1Q); and IP packet filter set (e.g., ifEthertype indicates an IPv4 payload and/or an IPv6 payload). An IPpacket filter set may comprise one or more of: a source IP address, adestination IP address, and/or a prefix (e.g., for IPv6); a source portnumber and/or a destination port number; a protocol ID of the protocolabove IP and/or a next header type; a type of service (e.g., for IPv4),a traffic class (e.g., for IPv6), and/or a mask; a flow label (e.g., forIPv6); and/or security parameter index.

At step 2402, the AF 145 may perform one or more steps, for example,after or in response to receiving the first message from the DN 115. TheAF 145 may select a PCF (e.g., the PCF 135). The AF 145 may select a PCFby using an NRF, for example, by providing one or more of the followinginformation, that may be received from the DN 115, to the NRF: wirelessdevice identity and/or identifier; data network name (DNN); PDU sessionID; and/or S-NSSAI. The AF 145 may send, to a selected PCF (e.g., thePCF 135), a second message (e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses provision). Thesecond message may comprise some or all of the information in the firstmessage received from the DN 115 at step 2401.

At step 2403, the PCF 135 may send, to the AF 145, a third message(e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response). The PCF 135 may storeinformation received from the second message (e.g., MAC addresses and/orEthernet packet filter set(s) information) and/or send to the AF 145 thethird message (e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response), after or inresponse to receiving the second message from the PCF 135 at step 2402.

At step 2404, the AF 145 may send, to the DN 115, a fourth message(e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response). The AF 145 may send to the DN115 the fourth message (e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response), forexample, after or in response to receiving the third message from thePCF 135 at step 2403. The fourth message may comprise some or all of theinformation in the third message received from the PCF 135 at step 2403.

Steps 2401-2404 may occur at any time, including at a time that may ormay not be associated with steps 2405-2421. For example, steps 2401-2404may occur periodically, as part of a procedure to initiatecommunications with the DN 115 and/or any device, as part of a procedureto configure one or more devices for communications in a network, aspart of a procedure to provide network updates, and/or as part of anyother procedure.

At step 2405, the wireless device 100 may send, to the AMF 155, amessage (e.g., PDU session establishment request) requestingestablishment of a session. The session may comprise an Ethernet typePDU session (e.g., Ethernet over wireless communications). The wirelessdevice may initiate a PDU session establishment procedure, for example,by sending to an AMF 155 an NAS Message. The NAS message may compriseone or more of: an S-NSSAI, a DNN, a PDU session ID, a request type,and/or an N1 SM container. The N1 SM container may comprise a PDUsession establishment request. The NAS Message and/or an N1 SM containermay comprise one or more wireless device identities and/or identifiers(e.g., SUPI, 5G-GUTI, and/or others). The wireless device 100 mayinitiate the wireless device requested PDU session establishmentprocedure, for example, by the transmission of a NAS message containinga PDU session establishment request within an N1 SM container. The PDUsession establishment request may comprise one or more of: a PDU type(e.g., Ethernet), an SSC mode, protocol configuration options, and/or aPDU session ID that may be generated by the wireless device 100.

At step 2406, the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext) for a session. The AMF 155 may performone or more steps, for example, after or in response to receiving themessage at step 2405. The AMF 155 may select an SMF (e.g., the SMF 160).The AMF 155 may select an SMF such as described above regarding step2405. The AMF 155 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMRequest) comprising one or more of: a SUPI, aDNN, a S-NSSAI, a PDU session ID, AMF ID, a request type, an N1 SMcontainer, user and/or device location information, an access type,and/or a PEI. The N1 SM container may comprise a PDU sessionestablishment request.

At step 2407, the SMF 160 and/or the UDM 140 may send one or moremessages to the other, for example, for a subscription retrieval. TheSMF 160 may register with the UDM 140, for example, if the SMF 160 hasnot previously registered and/or if subscription data is not available.The SMF 160 may retrieve subscription data and subscribes to benotified, for example, if subscription data is modified. The SMF 160 mayselect a UPF and/or trigger a PDU session establishment authenticationand/or authorization, for example, if the SMF 160 may be required toperform secondary authorization and/or authentication at anestablishment (e.g., by a by a DN-AAA server) of a PDU session. The SMF160 may perform some or all of step 2307 described above.

At step 2408, the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, a message (e.g.,Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Get) requesting policy control information. The SMF160 may perform one or more of the following steps, for example, afteror in response to step 2407. The SMF 160 may select a PCF (e.g., the PCF136). The SMF 160 may select a PCF using an NRF, for example, byproviding one or more of the following information, that may be receivedfrom the AMF 155, to the NRF: wireless device identity and/oridentifier; data network name (DNN); PDU session ID; and/or S-NSSAI. TheNRF may select a PCF based on the same NRF selection procedure in step2402. The NRF may select a PCF based on a comparison of information theNRF received from the SMF 160 (e.g., at step 2406) with information theNRF received from the AF 145 in (e.g., at step 2402). The NRF may selectthe same PCF 135 as at step 2402. The SMF 160 may invoke theNpcf_SMPolicyControl_Get operation to establish a PDU session with thePCF 135 and/or obtain policy, charging, and/or PCC rules for the PDUsession. The message requesting policy control information may compriseinformation received from the AMF 155 (e.g., wireless device identitiesand/or identifiers, DNN, PDU session ID, and/or S-NSSAI).

At step 2409, the PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Nsmf_EventExposure_Subscribe). The PCF 135 may perform one or moresteps, for example, after or in response to receiving the message fromthe SMF 160 (e.g., at step 2408). The PCF 135 may correlate, compare,and/or map information received from the AF 145 (e.g., at step 2402)with the information received from the SMF 160. The PCF 135 maycorrelate and/or compare addresses and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s)that may have been received from the AF 145, with one or more of thefollowing information received from the SMF 160: wireless deviceidentities and/or identifiers; data network name (DNN); PDU session ID;and/or S-NSSAI. The PCF 135 may determine one or more policy decisions.The one or more policy decisions may be based on information receivedfrom the AF 145 (e.g., Ethernet packet filter set(s) information),information received from the SMF 160, and/or other information. The PCFmay create a service data flow template for one or more policy rules,for example, based on Ethernet packet filter set(s) information receivedfrom the SMF 160 (e.g., at step 2406). The PCF 135 may send to the SMF160 a message (e.g., policy response) by providing one or more of: a QoSpolicy for the PDU session; a charging policy for the PDU session;traffic steering control for steering traffic; and/or other policies.The PCF 135 may send, to the SMF 160, the Ethernet packet filter set(s)information with one or more policies. The PCF 135 may subscribe one ormore events in the SMF 160, for example, by invoking theNsmf_EventExposure_Subscribe operation.

Steps 2410-2421 correspond to steps 2210-2221, respectively, asdescribed above.

FIG. 25 shows an example of procedures involving a unified datamanagement (UDM) in which a data network (DN) may send, to a UDM, one ormore Ethernet packet filter set(s) information, wireless deviceidentities and/or identifiers, and/or addresses (e.g., source MACaddresses and/or destination MAC addresses).

At step 2501, the DN 115 may send, to the UDM 140, a first message(e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses provision). The first message may compriseone or more Ethernet MAC addresses. Additionally or alternatively, thefirst message may comprise one or more of: wireless device identitiesand/or identifiers (e.g., wireless device NAI, SUPI, 5G-GUTI, and/orother identifiers); data network name (DNN) and/or an APN; PDU sessionID(s); S-NSSAI (e.g., indicating a network slice); and/or Ethernetpacket filter sets per wireless device (e.g., which may be indicated byone or more wireless device identities), per data network (e.g., whichmay be an APN indicated by a DNN), per network slice (e.g., which may beindicated by an S-NSSAI); and/or per PDU session (e.g., which may beindicated by a PDU session ID). An Ethernet packet filter set maycomprise one or more of: a source MAC address and/or a destination MACaddress; an Ethertype (e.g., as set forth in IEEE 802.3); Customer-VLANtag (C-TAG) and/or Service-VLAN tag (S-TAG) VID fields (e.g., as setforth in IEEE 802.1Q); C-TAG and/or S-TAG PCP and/or DEI fields (e.g.,as indicated in IEEE 802.1Q); and IP packet filter set (e.g., ifEthertype indicates an IPv4 payload and/or an IPv6 payload). An IPpacket filter set may comprise one or more of: a source IP address, adestination IP address, and/or a prefix (e.g., for IPv6); a source portnumber and/or a destination port number; a protocol ID of the protocolabove IP and/or a next header type; a type of service (e.g., for IPv4),a traffic class (e.g., for IPv6), and/or a mask; a flow label (e.g., forIPv6); and/or security parameter index.

At step 2502, the UDM 140 may send, to the DN 115, a second message(e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses response). The UDM 140 may store receivedinformation (e.g., addresses and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s)information) and/or send to the DN 115 a response message (e.g.,Ethernet MAC addresses response), for example, after or in response toreceiving the first message from the DN 115.

Steps 2501-2502 may occur at any time, including at a time that may ormay not be associated with steps 2505-2521. For example, steps 2501-2502may occur periodically, as part of a procedure to initiatecommunications with the DN 115 and/or any device, as part of a procedureto configure one or more devices for communications in a network, aspart of a procedure to provide network updates, and/or as part of anyother procedure.

At step 2505, the wireless device 100 may send, to the AMF 155, amessage (e.g., PDU establishment request) requesting establishment of asession. The session may comprise an Ethernet type PDU session (e.g.,Ethernet over wireless communications). The wireless device 100 mayinitiate a PDU session establishment procedure, for example, by sendingto an AMF 155 an NAS Message. The NAS message may comprise one or moreof: an S-NSSAI, a DNN, a PDU session ID, a request type, and/or an N1 SMcontainer. The N1 SM container may comprise a PDU session establishmentrequest. The NAS Message and/or an N1 SM container may comprise one ormore wireless device identities and/or identifiers (e.g., SUPI, 5G-GUTI,and/or others). The wireless device 100 may initiate the wireless devicerequested PDU session establishment procedure, for example, by thetransmission of a NAS message containing a PDU session establishmentrequest within an N1 SM container. The PDU session establishment requestmay comprise one or more of: a PDU type (e.g., Ethernet), an SSC mode,protocol configuration options, and/or a PDU session ID that may begenerated by the wireless device 100.

At step 2506, the AMF 155 may send, to the SMF 160, a message (e.g.,Namf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext) for a session. The AMF 155 may performone or more steps, for example, after or in response to receiving themessage at step 2505. The AMF 155 may select an SMF (e.g., the SMF 160)and send to the SMF 160 a message (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMRequest) comprising one or more of: a SUPI, aDNN, a S-NSSAI, a PDU session ID, an AMF ID, a request type, an N1 SMcontainer, user location information, an access type, and/or a PEI. TheN1 SM container may comprise a PDU session establishment request.

At step 2507, the SMF 160 and/or the UDM 140 may send one or moremessages to the other, for example, for a subscription retrieval. TheSMF 160 may send, to the UDM 140, a message to obtain subscription data,for example, after or in response to the message received from the AMF155. The SMF 160 may send, to the UDM 140, at least one messagecomprising one or more of: wireless device identities and/oridentifiers; data network name (DNN); PDU session ID; and/or S-NSSAI.The UDM 140 may correlate, compare, and/or map information received fromthe DN 115 (e.g., at step 2501) with information received from the SMF160, after or in response to receiving the message from the SMF 160. TheSMF 160 may correlate and/or compare addresses and/or Ethernet packetfilter set(s) that may have been received from the DN 115, with one ormore of the following information received from the SMF 160: wirelessdevice identities and/or identifiers; data network name (DNN); PDUsession ID; and/or S-NSSAI. The UDM 140 may send, to the SMF 160,subscription data with or in a message comprising Ethernet packet filterset(s) received from the DN 115. The SMF 160 may correlate and/orcompare information received from the UDM 140 with information receivedfrom the AMF 155, for example, after or in response to receiving theinformation from the UDM 140. For example, the SMF 160 may correlateand/or compare addresses and/or Ethernet packet filter set(s) receivedfrom the UDM 140 with one or more of the following information that maybe received from the AMF 155: wireless device identities and/oridentifiers; data Network Name (DNN); PDU session ID; and/or S-NSSAI.

At step 2508, the SMF 160 may send, to the PCF 135, a message (e.g.,Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Get) requesting policy control information. The SMF160 may invoke the Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Get operation, for example, toestablish a PDU session with the PCF 135 and/or obtain policy, charging,and/or PCC rules for the PDU session. The message requesting policycontrol information may comprise Ethernet packet filter set(s)information per the PDU session (e.g., which may be indicated by a PDUsession ID), per wireless device (e.g., which may be indicated by one ormore wireless device identities), per data network (e.g., which may bean APN indicated by a DNN), and/or per network slice (e.g., which may beindicated by an S-NSSAI).

Steps 2509-2521 correspond to steps 2209-2221, respectively, asdescribed above.

FIG. 26 shows an Ethernet over wireless communications procedure thatmay be performed, in whole or in part, by one or more computing devices.As examples, the procedure shown in FIG. 26 may be performed by asession management function (e.g., the SMF 160). Additionally oralternatively, at least some of the procedure shown in FIG. 26 may beperformed by a policy control function (e.g., PCF 135), a unified datamanagement (e.g., UDM 140), a network exposure function (e.g., NEF 125),an access and mobility management function (e.g., AMF 155), a networkrepository function (e.g., NRF), an access network (e.g., (R)AN 105), awireless device (e.g., wireless device 100), and/or a data network(e.g., DN 115). The data network may be remote from a network for thewireless device (e.g., a 5GC). The data network may be in a secondnetwork (e.g., that may be controlled by a second network operator)outside of a first network (e.g., that may be controlled by a firstoperator). The data network may be a DN-AAA server. Any other computingdevice (e.g., such as shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may perform one or moreportions of the procedures shown in FIG. 26 for Ethernet over wirelesscommunications.

At step 2600, a data network (e.g., DN 115) may send, to a computingdevice (e.g., the NEF 125, the AF 145, the UDM 140, the PCF 135, the SMF160, or any other device such as shown in FIGS. 22-25 ), one or moreEthernet MAC addresses (e.g., source Ethernet MAC addresses and/ordestination Ethernet MAC addresses). The computing device may send theone or more Ethernet MAC addresses to one or more second computingdevices (e.g., the UDM 140, the PCF 135, and/or the SMF). The one ormore second computing devices may send the one or more Ethernet MACaddresses to a session management function (e.g., the SMF 160). The oneor more Ethernet MAC addresses may be included in one or more Ethernetpacket filter sets that may be sent at step 2600. Step 2600 may compriseone or more of steps 2201-2204, 2301-2302, 2401-2404, and/or 2501-2502,described above. Step 2600 may occur at any time, including at a timethat may or may not be associated with steps 2601-2614, described below.For example, step 2600 may occur periodically, as part of a procedure toinitiate communications with the DN 115 and/or any device, as part of aprocedure to configure one or more devices for communications in anetwork, as part of a procedure to provide network updates, and/or aspart of any other procedure. Additionally or alternatively, step 2600may be performed before, during, or after step 2601 and/or step 2602,described below.

At step 2601, a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device 100) maysend, to a computing device (e.g., the (R)AN 105, the AMF 155, the UPF110, the SMF 160, and/or the PCF 135) one or more messages comprisingone or more Ethernet packet filter sets. The wireless device may sendthe one or more messages to a session management function via one ormore of a radio access network (e.g., the (R)AN 105), an access andmobility management function (e.g., the AMF 155), and/or a user planefunction (e.g., the UPF 110). The Ethernet packet filter sets maycomprise one or more of a source Ethernet MAC address, a destinationEthernet MAC address, an Ethertype, a virtual local area network tag,and/or an IP packet filter set. The Ethernet packet filter set may beassociated with one or more of: a PDU session, the wireless device, adata network, and/or a network slice. The wireless device may send theone or more messages to an access network (e.g., the (R)AN 105), to oneor more base stations, and/or to an access and mobility managementfunction (e.g., the AMF 155). The access network may send the one ormore messages to the session management function (e.g., via a user planefunction such as the UPF 110) and/or the access and mobility managementfunction. The access and mobility management function may send the oneor more messages to the session management function. The sessionmanagement function may receive the one or more messages. The sessionmanagement function may receive the one or more Ethernet MAC addresses.Step 2601 may comprise one or more of steps 2205, 2206, 2305, 2306,2405, 2406, 2505, and/or 2506, described above.

At step 2602, a computing device (e.g., a session management function orany device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may determine whether the one or moreEthernet packet filter sets comprise a request for an Ethernet type PDUsession. The computing device may make such a determination based on anEthertype in the Ethernet packet filter sets. If the computing devicedetermines that at least one of the Ethernet packet filter sets is notassociated with a request for an Ethernet type PDU session, theprocedure may continue to step 2603. If the computing device determinesthat at least one of the Ethernet packet filter sets is associated witha request for an Ethernet type PDU session, the procedure may continueto step 2606.

At step 2603, the computing device (e.g., a session management functionor any device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may determine whether to redirectthe wireless device. For example, if the one or more messages from step2601 indicate a type of service that is not supported for the wirelessdevice (e.g., based on one or more policies or an availability of one ormore applications), the computing device may send a message to thewireless device indicating one or more options for the wireless deviceto obtain support for the type of service (e.g., updating one or morepolicies to include a registration of one or more services associatedwith the type, or identifying another computing device that may provideservices for the type). If the computing device determines to redirectthe wireless device (e.g., based on an indication from the wirelessdevice requesting redirection), at step 2604, the computing device mayredirect the wireless device to an offer for initiating service of thetype of service not presently supported for the wireless device. If thecomputing device determines not to redirect the wireless device (e.g.,based on a timer expiration or receiving an indication from the wirelessdevice declining redirection), at step 2605, the computing device maydiscard the Ethernet packet filter set(s) associated with the type thatis not supported for the wireless device. After step 2604 and/or step2605, the procedure may end.

At step 2606, the computing device (e.g., a session management functionor any device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may determine an application and/orservice for Ethernet over wireless communications for the wirelessdevice, for example, if a type of a session request associated indicatedby the one or more messages is confirmed, at step 2602, to be anEthernet type. The computing device may determine at least one policyrule (e.g., a QoS rule), one or more parameters for the at least onepolicy rule (e.g., QoS parameters), and/or a policy decision (e.g.,whether QoS is satisfied), based on the one or more Ethernet packetfilter sets. The computing device may determine an application and/ortype of service based on an Ethernet MAC address (e.g., a destinationEthernet MAC address and/or a source Ethernet MAC address) in the one ormore Ethernet packet filter sets received at step 2601 and/or in the oneor more Ethernet MAC addresses received at step 2600. The destinationEthernet MAC address may indicate an application server that may beassociated with a one or more applications and/or services. The sourceEthernet MAC address may indicate a location and/or a profile associatedwith the wireless device that may indicate one or more applicationsand/or services.

At step 2607, the computing device (e.g., a session management functionor any device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may determine and/or apply a firstpolicy. The first policy may comprise one or more rules. A rule may be apolicy rule (e.g., a rule associated with a policy), a charging rule(e.g., a rule associated with a charging policy), or a policy andcharging rule (e.g., a policy and charging control rule (PCC)). A policycontrol function (e.g., PCF 135) may determine the first policy (e.g., aPCC) and/or may send the first policy to the computing device (e.g., SMF160). The first policy may be determined based on the one or moreEthernet MAC addresses (e.g., one or more source Ethernet MAC addressesand/or one or more destination Ethernet MAC addresses). The first policymay comprise a PCC comprising the one or more Ethernet source MACaddresses and a QoS policy. A policy rule may comprise, for example, oneor more of a: quality of service (QoS) rule, a gating rule, a trafficdetection rule, a traffic steering control rule, and/or any other rulethat may be associated with a user, device, and/or service. A policy maycomprise one any one or more rules. For example, a QoS policy maycomprise a QoS rule. A QoS rule may be based on one or more prioritylevels (e.g., high priority, low priority, or any other level ofpriority). A priority level may be associated with a particular value orrange of values for a bandwidth, latency, and/or allowance and retention(ARP). A gating rule may be based on a packet type (e.g., Ethertype) ora service access level (e.g., user and/or device authorization to accessone or more services using Ethernet over wireless communications). Atraffic detection rule may be based on a determination of whether signaltraffic that may be associated with an Ethernet PDU session may besatisfied for a request for the Ethernet PDU session. The trafficdetection rule may comprise detecting a service flow based on receivinga user plane data packet. A traffic steering control rule may comprisedirecting traffic associated with an Ethernet PDU session for optimalnetwork performance Additionally or alternatively, at optional step 2607a, the computing device may compare, correlate, and/or map the one ormore Ethernet MAC addresses with the one or more Ethernet packet filtersets. For example, the computing device may compare one or more sourceEthernet MAC addresses with information in an Ethernet packet filterset. A PCC (such as the first policy or one or more second policies) maybe based on the comparison. If a source Ethernet MAC address matches anEthernet MAC address in the Ethernet packet filter set (or does notmatch an address in a disallowed list in the Ethernet packet filterset), one or more Ethernet packets may be sent to the wireless device.If a source Ethernet MAC address does not match an Ethernet MAC addressin the Ethernet packet filter set (or matches an address in a disallowedlist in the Ethernet packet filter set), one or more Ethernet packetsmay not be sent to the wireless device and/or may be discarded. Step2607 a may be performed as part of applying the first policy at step2607 and/or as a separate step (e.g., before, during, or after step2607). Step 2607 and/or step 2607 a may correspond to one or more ofsteps 2206, 2207, 2306, 2307, 2406-2409, and/or 2506-2509.

At step 2608, the computing device (e.g., a session management functionor any device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may determine whether the firstpolicy is satisfied. For example, based on whether the first policy issatisfied (e.g., a gating rule), the computing device may allow ordiscard packets. If the first policy is not satisfied, the procedure maycontinue to step 2603 described above (e.g., for packet discard and/orredirection to offering a service). If the first policy is satisfied,the procedure may continue to step 2609.

At step 2609, the computing device (e.g., a session management functionor any device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may determine one or more secondpolicies to apply to the Ethernet packet filter set(s). The one or moresecond policies may comprise one or more rules, such as a policy rule, acharging rule, and/or a PCC. The one or more second policies maycomprise for example, one or more of a: quality of service (QoS) rule, agating rule, a traffic detection rule, a traffic steering control rule,and/or any other rule that may be associated with a user, device, and/orservice, such as described above regarding step 2607. The one or moresecond policies may comprise at least one charging rule (e.g., a PCC). Acharging rule may be based on charging (e.g., online charging, offlinecharging, and/or converged charging) associated with a particularservice, application, user, device, and/or group of users and/ordevices. Charging information may be based on one or more ratings (e.g.,cost-per-service associated with one or more users and/or devices)and/or addresses (e.g., source Ethernet MAC address of the wirelessdevice and/or destination Ethernet MAC address of an application serverassociated with the service requested by the wireless device). Thecomputing device may store and/or maintain at least some informationabout one or more charging rules that may be associated with a wirelessdevice. Additionally or alternatively, the computing device may obtainone or more charging rules and/or updates to one or more charging rulesfrom a second computing device (e.g., a policy control function such asthe PCF 135).

At step 2610, the computing device (e.g., a session management functionor any device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may determine whether the one ormore second policies requires an updated policy. If at least one of theone or more second policies require an update (e.g., based on thecomputing device not having at least one of the one or more secondpolicies and/or not having a recent version of at least one of the oneor more second policies), the procedure may continue to step 2611. If atleast one of the one or more second policies do not require an update,the procedure may continue to step 2613.

At step 2611, the computing device (e.g., a session management functionor any device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may send a request for one or moreupdated policies. The computing device may send the request to a secondcomputing device (e.g., a policy control function). The request for oneor more updated policies may comprise a request for a policy andcharging control rule and/or the one or more Ethernet packet filter setsfor a data flow. The computing device (e.g., a session managementfunction) may send a message to a third computing device (e.g., a userplane function such as UPF 110) comprising the one or more Ethernetpacket filter sets for the data flow and/or one or more parametersindicating a policy rule. The message to the third computing device(e.g., a user plane function) may comprise a request to establish a userplane session.

At step 2612, the computing device (e.g., a session management functionor any device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may receive, from the secondcomputing device (e.g., a policy control function), a response messagecomprising one or more updated policies. The one or more updatedpolicies may comprise at least one charging policy (e.g., a PCC)corresponding to the requested policy and charging control rule. Thecomputing device (e.g., a session management function) may send the oneor more updated policies to the third computing device (e.g., a userplane function). The computing device (e.g., a session managementfunction) may receive from the third computing device (e.g., a userplane function) a message indicating that the third computing device hasreceived the message from the computing device. The message from thethird computing device (e.g., a user plane function) may comprise a userplane data packet. The third computing device (e.g., a user planefunction) may enforce the policy rule and/or the policy and chargingcontrol rule sent at step 2611, for example, based on quality of serviceparameters associated with information in the one or more Ethernetpacket filter sets.

At step 2613, a computing device (e.g., a user plane function, a sessionmanagement function, and/or any device shown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may applythe one or more second policies to the Ethernet packet filter set(s).For example, the computing device may provide for an Ethernet PDUsession requested by the wireless device to the extent the requestcomplies with the policy rules of the one or more second policies,and/or the computing device may associate charging information with theEthernet PDU session requested by the wireless device.

At step 2614, the computing device (e.g., a user plane function, anaccess network, a session management function, and/or or any deviceshown in FIGS. 22-25 ) may send and/or receive data packets associatedwith the Ethernet PDU session requested by the wireless device. Thewireless device may receive the data packets associated with theEthernet PDU session requested by the wireless device. After step 2614,the Ethernet PDU session requested by the wireless device may end andthe procedure shown in FIG. 26 may end.

One or more features of the disclosure may be implemented in acomputer-usable data and/or computer-executable instructions, such as inone or more program modules, executed by one or more computers or otherdevices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks orimplement particular abstract data types when executed by a processor ina computer or other data processing device. The computer executableinstructions may be stored on one or more computer readable media suchas a hard disk, optical disk, removable storage media, solid statememory, RAM, etc. The functionality of the program modules may becombined or distributed as desired. The functionality may be implementedin whole or in part in firmware or hardware equivalents such asintegrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and thelike. Particular data structures may be used to more effectivelyimplement one or more features of the disclosure, and such datastructures are contemplated within the scope of computer executableinstructions and computer-usable data described herein.

Many of the elements in examples may be implemented as modules. A modulemay be an isolatable element that performs a defined function and has adefined interface to other elements. The modules may be implemented inhardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware(i.e., hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, allof which may be behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may beimplemented as a software routine written in a computer languageconfigured to be executed by a hardware machine (such as C, C++,Fortran, Java, Basic, Matlab or the like) or a modeling/simulationprogram such as Simulink, Stateflow, GNU Octave, or LabVIEWMathScript.Additionally or alternatively, it may be possible to implement modulesusing physical hardware that incorporates discrete or programmableanalog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples of programmablehardware may comprise: computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors,application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); field programmablegate arrays (FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs).Computers, microcontrollers, and microprocessors may be programmed usinglanguages such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs, and CPLDsmay be programmed using hardware description languages (HDL), such asVHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog, which mayconfigure connections between internal hardware modules with lesserfunctionality on a programmable device. The above mentioned technologiesmay be used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.

A non-transitory tangible computer readable media may compriseinstructions executable by one or more processors configured to causeoperations of multi-carrier communications described herein. An articleof manufacture may comprise a non-transitory tangible computer readablemachine-accessible medium having instructions encoded thereon forenabling programmable hardware to cause a device (e.g., a wirelessdevice, wireless communicator, a UE, a base station, and the like) toenable operation of multi-carrier communications described herein. Thedevice, or one or more devices such as in a system, may include one ormore processors, memory, interfaces, and/or the like. Other examples maycomprise communication networks comprising devices such as basestations, wireless devices or user equipment (UE), servers, switches,antennas, and/or the like. A network may comprise any wirelesstechnology, including but not limited to, cellular, wireless, Wi-Fi, 4G,5G, any generation of 3GPP or other cellular standard or recommendation,wireless local area networks, wireless personal area networks, wirelessad hoc networks, wireless metropolitan area networks, wireless wide areanetworks, global area networks, space networks, and any other networkusing wireless communications. Any device (e.g., a wireless device, abase station, or any other device) or combination of devices may be usedto perform any combination of one or more of steps described herein,including, e.g., any complementary step or steps of one or more of theabove steps.

Although examples are described above, features and/or steps of thoseexamples may be combined, divided, omitted, rearranged, revised, and/oraugmented in any desired manner Various alterations, modifications, andimprovements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Suchalterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part ofthis description, though not expressly stated herein, and are intendedto be within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, theforegoing description is by way of example only, and is not limiting.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a policycontrol function device, at least one Ethernet medium access control(MAC) address for a wireless device; determining, by the policy controlfunction device, at least one policy and charging control (PCC) rulebased on the at least one Ethernet MAC address for the wireless device;and sending, by the policy control function device to a sessionmanagement function device, the at least one PCC rule.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising receiving, by the policy control functiondevice from a device associated with a data network, at least oneEthernet packet filter set, wherein the at least one Ethernet packetfilter set comprises the at least one Ethernet MAC address.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising receiving, by the policy controlfunction device from a device associated with a data network, at leastone Ethernet packet filter set, wherein the at least one Ethernet packetfilter set comprises an Ethertype.
 4. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: receiving, from the wireless device, an Ethernet packetfilter set; and performing a comparison of the at least one Ethernet MACaddress with information in the Ethernet packet filter set, wherein thedetermining the at least one PCC rule is based on the comparison.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the at least one PCC rule comprises at leastone of: a quality of service policy associated with the wireless device;a charging policy associated with the wireless device; traffic steeringcontrol; or Ethernet packet filter set information.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the receiving the at least one Ethernet MAC addresscomprises receiving the at least one Ethernet MAC address from a deviceassociated with a data network.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein thereceiving the at least one Ethernet MAC address comprises receiving,from a first device associated with a data network and via a seconddevice, the at least one Ethernet MAC address, and wherein the seconddevice comprises at least one of: a network exposure function device; anapplication function device; a unified data management device; or asecond policy control function device.
 8. The method of claim 1, whereinthe policy control function device is selected by the session managementfunction device based on the at least one Ethernet MAC address.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the determining the at least one PCC rulecomprises determining the at least one PCC rule based on at least oneof: Ethernet packet filter set information or subscription information.10. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the at least oneEthernet MAC address comprises receiving the at least one Ethernet MACaddress from the session management function device.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one Ethernet MAC address comprises anEthernet source MAC address.
 12. A policy control function devicecomprising: one or more processors; and memory storing instructionsthat, when executed by the one or more processors, configure the policycontrol function device to: receive at least one Ethernet medium accesscontrol (MAC) address for a wireless device; determine at least onepolicy and charging control (PCC) rule based on the at least oneEthernet MAC address for the wireless device; and send, to a sessionmanagement function device, the at least one PCC rule.
 13. The policycontrol function device of claim 12, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted by the one or more processors, further configure the policycontrol function device to receive, from a device associated with a datanetwork, at least one Ethernet packet filter set, and wherein the atleast one Ethernet packet filter set comprises the at least one EthernetMAC address.
 14. The policy control function device of claim 12, whereinthe instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, furtherconfigure the policy control function device to receive, from a deviceassociated with a data network, at least one Ethernet packet filter set,and wherein the at least one Ethernet packet filter set comprises anEthertype.
 15. The policy control function device of claim 12, whereinthe instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, furtherconfigure the policy control function device to: receive, from thewireless device, an Ethernet packet filter set; perform a comparison ofthe at least one Ethernet MAC address with information in the Ethernetpacket filter set; and determine the at least one PCC rule further basedon the comparison.
 16. The policy control function device of claim 12,wherein the at least one PCC rule comprises at least one of: a qualityof service policy associated with the wireless device; a charging policyassociated with the wireless device; traffic steering control; orEthernet packet filter set information.
 17. The policy control functiondevice of claim 12, wherein the instructions, when executed by the oneor more processors, configure the policy control function device toreceive the at least one Ethernet MAC address from a device associatedwith a data network.
 18. The policy control function device of claim 12,wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors,configure the policy control function device to receive the at least oneEthernet MAC address by receiving, from a first device associated with adata network and via a second device, the at least one Ethernet MACaddress, and wherein the second device comprises at least one of: anetwork exposure function device; an application function device; aunified data management device; or a second policy control functiondevice.
 19. The policy control function device of claim 12, wherein thepolicy control function device is selected by the session managementfunction device based on the at least one Ethernet MAC address.
 20. Thepolicy control function device of claim 12, wherein the instructions,when executed by the one or more processors, configure the policycontrol function device to determine the at least one PCC rule based onat least one of: Ethernet packet filter set information or subscriptioninformation.
 21. The policy control function device of claim 12, whereinthe instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, configurethe policy control function device to receive the at least one EthernetMAC address from the session management function device.
 22. The policycontrol function device of claim 12, wherein the at least one EthernetMAC address comprises an Ethernet source MAC address.
 23. A systemcomprising: a policy control function device comprising: one or moreprocessors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by theone or more processors of the policy control function device, configurethe policy control function device to: receive at least one Ethernetmedium access control (MAC) address for a wireless device; and determineat least one policy and charging control (PCC) rule based on the atleast one Ethernet MAC address for the wireless device; and a sessionmanagement function device comprising: one or more processors; andmemory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors of the session management function device, configure thesession management function device to: receive, from the policy controlfunction device, the at least one PCC rule.
 24. The system of claim 23,further comprising a device associated with a data network, wherein thedevice associated with the data network is configured to send, to thepolicy control function device, at least one Ethernet packet filter set,and wherein the at least one Ethernet packet filter set comprises the atleast one Ethernet MAC address.
 25. The system of claim 23, furthercomprising a device associated with a data network, wherein the deviceassociated with the data network is configured to send, to the policycontrol function device, at least one Ethernet packet filter set, andwherein the at least one Ethernet packet filter set comprises anEthertype.
 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the instructions storedin the memory of the policy control function device, when executed bythe one or more processors of the policy control function device,further configure the policy control function device to: receive, fromthe wireless device, an Ethernet packet filter set; perform a comparisonof the at least one Ethernet MAC address with information in theEthernet packet filter set; and determine the at least one PCC rulefurther based on the comparison.
 27. The system of claim 23, wherein theat least one PCC rule comprises at least one of: a quality of servicepolicy associated with the wireless device; a charging policy associatedwith the wireless device; traffic steering control; or Ethernet packetfilter set information.
 28. The system of claim 23, further comprising adevice associated with a data network, wherein the device associatedwith the data network is configured to send, to the policy controlfunction device via a second device, the at least one Ethernet MACaddress, and wherein the second device comprises at least one of: anetwork exposure function device; an application function device; aunified data management device; or a second policy control functiondevice.